/BleedBox [ 9 9 585 783 ] In limited studies, this assay appears to detect both Giardia spp. In cats, Cryptosporidium spp. Cryptosporidium parvum bovine genotype oocysts in the respiratory samples of an AIDS patient: efficacy of treatment with a combination of azithromycin and paromomycin. The resulting diseased condition, cryptosporidiosis, can typically be treated effectively with medications. Read our. Intestinal Parasite (Cryptosporidium) in Cats | PetMD << /L 83784 /FontDescriptor 73 0 R .medication-table h2{ and transmitted securely. 0000055211 00000 n Treatment for cryptosporidiosis is generally on an outpatient basis, with the recommendation to limit food until the diarrhea has subsided, along with an increase in fluids to combat dehydration. However, it cannot be used for all types of infections and like all antibiotics, should be used judiciously under prescription and advisement of a veterinarian. The efficacy of nitazoxanide in dogs and cats is not known. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies It is often combined with other drugs to treat specific infections, such as atovaquone to treat babesiosis in dogs. Paromomycin, Azithromycin Cryptosporidium in Dogs (Protozoal) Paromomycin Cryptosporidium in Cats (Protozoal) Fenbendazole, Paromomycin Leishmaniasis in Dogs Paromomycin, Meglumine Antimonate Leishmaniasis in Cats Paromomycin Coccidiosis in Cattle (Protozoal) Sulfaquinoxaline, Trimethoprim, Amprolium Coccidiosis in Horses (Protozoal) Ponazuril College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA, World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress Proceedings, 2011, Director, Center for Companion Animal Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA. Cryptosporidium In Dogs - My Simple Pet Lab Isospora spp. 0000051133 00000 n For treatment of sinusitis: Adults2 grams (g) once a day as a single dose. 0000055595 00000 n 2016 Sep 24;6(3):460-71. doi: 10.5500/wjt.v6.i3.460. /Root 70 0 R Antibiotics. Use cautiously in animals with liver disease or certain abnormal heart rhythms. Before Paromomycin Monograph for Professionals - Drugs.com 1 a ; ; . 0000012418 00000 n /Flags 34 Hi there, and thanks for your question. Cats. There is one mention in the drug formularies of a preference to give the azithromycin oral suspension on an empty stomach. /PageMode /UseOutlines Bloody diarrhea and dehydration can quickly lead to fatality. The true answer is whatever antibiotic the bacteria involved in the infection are most susceptible to! font-size: 14px; /Metadata 68 0 R Saitoh Y, Itagaki H. Dung beetles, Onthophagus spp., as potential transport hosts of feline Coccidia. Lastly, some of the cats with apparently resistant cryptosporidiosis have underlying diseases (i.e., inflammatory bowel disease, Giardia spp., Tritrichomonas foetus, etc.) Mycoplasma haemofelis) or Chlamydophila . 0000015219 00000 n startxref 5. Symptoms and Types 0000059894 00000 n It is commonly found in contiguous forests and peridomiciliary sitesThis from NUR 1102 at Far Eastern University 38 protons 58 neutrons; did ip man really fight mike tyson; orcutt union school district lunch menu; grupo firme sacramento ca; monster energy mission statement Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Im reaching out to our veterinary team to see if we can get that answered for you. border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; It also comes in an injectable form that can be given intravenously by your veterinarian. Azithromycin is an antibiotic commonly used to treat certain bacterial infections in cats. Dr. Vanderhoof lives in the Northern Virginia area with his family, including 3 cats. Unfortunately, there is no miracle drug that treats Cryptosporidium in cats, although we wish there was! /BaseFont /MMLGAA+NewBaskerville-Roman Bottle sizes include 15ml and 30ml sizes. The key to control is to provide good sanitation including prompt removal of feces prior to oocyst sporulation. Symptoms in people with normal immune systems usually last for about 1 to 2 weeks. } Just treating with medication in these cases without addressing the base cause will not fix the issue. Give the missed dose as soon as you remember, and then wait the recommended amount of time between doses. xuO(Cq y[Zo67[FJSKDI\'9M\(I7}ExsDP b|K/#Yl3gKx g_xO_?o@C0K8mM?u5-;n+:~iRZ"Q@u? Epub 2014 Aug 31. 0000060299 00000 n Veterinarians typically decide on the right antibiotic to use based on the body system affected, the types of bacteria likely to be present, and based on bacterial culture and susceptibility when possible. Azithromycin: 5 to 10 mg/kg BID for 5 to 7 days (dogs); 7 to 15 mg/kg for 5 to 7 days (cats) Until recently nitazoxanide (Alinia)2 was approved only for use in humans. Because of these properties, a veterinarian may consider azithromycin for upper respiratory infections, especially those involving the nasal passages and sinuses, that are very chronic or recurrent in nature and may require extended periods of treatment to resolve. } for cats with Stomatitis? infections are generally only associated with disease in kittens which can exhibit vomiting, abdominal discomfort, inappetence, and watery diarrhea that sometime contains blood. margin-bottom: 20px; The oocysts of C. canis and C. felis are infectious when passed and are moderately resistant to environmental extremes and the routine levels of chlorine occurring in water. 0000058169 00000 n Dr. Vanderhoof is also a copywriter specializing in the animal health field and founder of Paramount Animal Health Writing Solutions, which can be found at www.animalhealthco on Azithromycin For Cats: Dosage, Safety & Side Effects. The enteroepithelial phase occurs in the small intestine of infected animals which culminates in the passage of unsporulated oocysts in feces. Eye Infections in Cats - Antibiotics & Other Treatments | Memphis Campylobacteriosis Infection in Cats - WagWalking Unlike other antibiotics, it does have a long life after it reaches appropriate levels in the body, allowing for far less frequent dosing after the first several days. J Parasit Dis. Fong & Chan 2022 Human Parasites: From Organisms to Molecular Biology Multiple choice questions Exam 2 (Chapters 6 to 12) Please select the best answer 1. The liquid suspension is most often used, available in 20mg/ml, 40mg/ml concentrations. infected puppies and kittens will survive infection and so the prognosis is considered good to excellent. In cats, it is used off-label to treat upper respiratory infections, bartonellosis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, or in combination with atovaquone to treat cytauxzoonosis. Coccidiosis in Cats | VCA Animal Hospital 0000001930 00000 n For example, an upper respiratory infection in a cat caused by the bacteria Bordetella, or uveitis (inflammation in the eye) caused by Bartonella, will typically be susceptible, but it has no effect against Chlamydophila felis that causes conjunctivitis in cats, or anemia caused by Mycoplasma haemofelis in cats. Fever, vomiting and loss of appetite occur less commonly. Cryptosporidium infection in solid organ transplantation. Your veterinarian will decide if antibiotics are warranted and may wish to perform a culture and sensitivity before reaching for an antibiotic like azithromycin. Azithromycin Uses in Cats . Depending on the environmental conditions, sporulation can occur in as little as 12 hours. %%EOF Paromomycin, tylosin and azithromycin have all been shown to have reasonable efficacy when treating the disorder. Cryptosporidium belongs to the Phylum Apicomplexa, which infects a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including humans (Gerace et al., 2019).This intracellular protozoan parasite is generally transmitted through ingestion of food or water contaminated with its oocysts (Samie et al., 2015).Cryptosporidium infects the gastrointestinal epithelium, causing diarrhea that is mostly . My cat has a slight discharge of fluid from his one ear, which he shakes his head vigorously to clear his ear. Many antibiotics have been used in an attempt to treat cryptosporidiosis. Oocysts are generally shed in the feces 3 to 6 days after infection. The sexual phase of reproduction occurs in the gastrointestinal tract of cats which culminates in the passage of unsporulated oocysts in feces. Dr. Joey, Expert A medication called Paromomycin has been effective but is highly toxic to the kidneys. No drug treatment has been shown to consistently eliminate Cryptosporidium spp. The use of ponazuril and toltrazuril for the treatment of small animal coccidiosis has recently been studied. Fluorescent antibody tests can be performed on fecal smears. 0000055657 00000 n Azithromycin is good as a treatment when first diagnosed to get ahead of the infection. Required fields are marked *. Being on the RX for 5 days now. /T 82260 Some protocols do indicate changing to 72 hours after a 5 day course, while others recommend a few days longer before before spreading out the doses. Azithromycin therapy should be considered for immunocompromised patients with intestinal Cryptosporidium infection. In looking through the drug formularies, there is no direct contraindication noted for using azithromycin and feline interferon omega together. Ponazuril has been used most frequently in the United States. Azithromycin Lappin, et al. Cats with hemotropic mycoplasmas (e.g. display: block; A regimen has been approved to treat adult animals: 100 mg BID for 5 days in animals 24 to 47 months old and 200 mg BID for 5 days in animals 4 to 11 years old. Your email address will not be published. /Subtype /Type1C in feces, the addition of fiber or probiotics to the diet and retreating may result in resolution of illness. My 10 yr old, 17 lb cat has life long chronic respiratory infections For these reasons, it is usually recommended to give this medication on a full stomach, or shortly after eating, to reduce the likelihood of tummy troubles. Although rare, this can happen with almost any medication, so you need to have your pet seen by a veterinarian immediately. For general understanding of its use though, it is important to include its unique dosing characteristics, which differ from other antibiotics. 0000014422 00000 n While cost-effective, it may be considered controversial for this purpose, since extended or life-long use of it can also lead to antimicrobial resistant strains of bacteria. This disease is no more likely to affect one breed than another, and is commonly seen in kittens. Brand Names: When symptoms do arise, abnormal stools occur. It is an off-label medication, so veterinarians will often use it based on their experience. infections in mammals and no compound is consistently effective. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The definitive diagnosis of coccidiosis is made by demonstrating oocysts in fecal samples from affected animals. These are drugs primarily used to treat specific bacterial infections. [ 2 ,3] Fortunately, most dogs infected do not show . justify-content: space-between; J Pediatr. are intestinal coccidian parasites that are associated with disease in some infected hosts. A regimen has been approved to treat adult animals: 100 mg BID for 5 days in animals 24 to 47 months old and 200 mg BID for 5 days in animals 4 to 11 years old. Oral azithromycin versus its combination with miltefosine for the treatment of experimental Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. This equine drug can be administered off label at 20 mg/kg, PO, twice, 17 days apart or at 50 mg/kg, PO once. For storage and shipping, please collect the sample and store in the refrigerator for up to one week . Microscopic lesions observed in some infected animals include villous atrophy, dilation of lacteals, and hyperplasia of lymph nodes in Peyer's patches. Modified acid-fast staining of a thin fecal smear can be performed in the small animal practice to aid in the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis. The therapeutic efficacy of azithromycin and nitazoxanide in the acute display: inline-block; Form: Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. Cryptosporidium - Troccap .medication-table .table-row .item{ Finally, the most unusual side effect of azithromycin would be hypersensitivity reactions. in feces of dogs and cats in the United States by PCR assay and IFA. Thick-walled oocysts are passed in the feces, are environmentally resistant, and are infective when passed. Specimens should be sent to an academic or commercial testing laboratory familiar with the necessary diagnostic techniques. } Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Many compounding pharmacies in the United States will appropriately formulate the drug by prescription. } Brand Names. A fecal sample will be taken to determine what the underlying cause is for the issue. >> Cryptosporidium spp. If your kitty has any stomach upset from the azithromycin, a small amount of food given with it may help and likely would not affect things too much. Seroprevalence studies suggest that infection with Cryptosporidium is common in dogs and cats. 0000056329 00000 n DNA in feline feces and the assay is more sensitive than IFA. 0000056513 00000 n 0000055414 00000 n 0000053504 00000 n 142 0 obj 0000003154 00000 n Azithromycin (Zithromax). 1997 Jun;56(6):637-9. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1997.56.637. diarrhea is associated with impaired intestinal absorption and enhanced secretion and so is generally characterized as small bowel. It is always best to speak with your veterinarian to review any of your cat's ongoing medical conditions and/or current medications your cat is taking before starting a new medication. } It is best to block the nipple water and use bottles for the weaned babies. The most common drug used to treat coccidiosis is a sulfa-class antibiotic, sulfadimethoxine (Albon). Isospora spp. 1998 Jan-Feb;20(1):83-5. doi: 10.1097/00043426-199801000-00014. In the United Kingdom study, I. felis was found in the feces of 9% of cats less than six months of age. Cryptosporidium parvum intestinal infection in immunodeficient patients can cause severe intestinal fluid losses with severe dehydration or chronic diarrhea with malnutrition. March 2020. Overdoses of azithromycin may be more likely to lead to these adverse effects and its pro-kinetic effects on GI motility could also cause abdominal discomfort from cramping. Efficacy of Azithromycin Dihydrate in Treatment of Cryptosporidiosis in Cryptosporidiosis in Cats - Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment Common Names: Blastomycosis is a Systemic Fungal infection Affecting Dogs and Cats Bloat - The Mother of All Emergencies Bloat: First Aid Bloody Nose (Epistaxis) in Dogs and Cats Bones are Unsafe for Your Dog, No Bones about It Brachial Plexus Avulsion in Dogs and Cats Brachycephalic Airway Obstruction Syndrome in Flat-Faced Dogs Azithromycin is most often used in cats for upper respiratory infections, especially conditions that are chronic, recurrent, or refractory to other antibiotic therapies. Supportive care may be necessary. font-size: 14px; 0000057065 00000 n 8600 Rockville Pike We report azithromycin treatment of four children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who had severe diarrheal illnesses in which Cryptosporidium parvum was the sole pathogen detected. Treatment frequency and length can also vary quite a bit. Tablets are preferably given with food. 520 520 520 520 520 260 260 520 520 520 400 820 660 640 680 740 620 540 740 Veterinary Partner - VIN You can get infected by: Drinking contaminated water that contains cryptosporidium parasites. 0000057688 00000 n However, acid-fast staining will only detect approximately 50% of Cryptosporidium spp. Set up your myVCA account today. Azithromycin is a broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic with a long half-life and a high degree of tissue penetration 3. Azithromycin is a bacteriostatic, time-dependent macrolide antibiotic. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Treatment of human intestinal cryptosporidiosis: A review of published clinical trials. A fourth patient required prolonged therapy with azithromycin to achieve clearance. False negative fecal flotation results are uncommon in clinically infected animals but occasionally clinical signs precede oocyst shedding and so a second fecal flotation may be needed to prove infection in some cases. 1Lucio-Forster A, et al, 2010. >> /ItalicAngle 0 A fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibody system is available that contains monoclonal antibodies that react with Cryptosporidium spp. Because of the high degree of variability in protocols, and because microbial resistance to antibiotics is always a lingering concern, its important for azithromycin to only be prescribed and used under advisement of a veterinarian, so that it is used properly and responsibly. J Vet Intern Med 2005;19:437. Parasitology 2009;136:14691475. 0000060391 00000 n Unlike most antibiotics, azithromycin also has some anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects. 0000000017 00000 n Other symptoms include lethargyand intolerance for exercise. The Companion Animal Parasite Council is a great resource for veterinary parasitology recommendations. 0000056881 00000 n The impaired liver function often leads to jaundice, yellowing of the skin, gums and eye . in humans feces do not work well with C. felis. cysts. He completed a rotating internship with Red Bank Veterinary Hospital in New Jersey and now works as a general practitioner in the Washington D.C. area. Diarrhea is generally more common in young cats. Cats may only show intermittent signs of irritation with such things and may not show signs of pain. When it occurs, Cryptosporidium spp. Antibiotics: Medication to kill the bacterial infection may be prescribed if the cat has severe symptoms or is a suspected source of human infection. Has been used for treatment of cestodiasis (tapeworm infection) caused by certain cestodes pathogenic to humans including Diphyllobothrium latum [off-label] (fish tapeworm), Dipylidium caninum [off-label] (dog and cat tapeworm), Hymenolepis nana [off-label] (dwarf tapeworm), Taenia saginata [off-label] (beef tapeworm), and T. solium It is commonly found in contiguous forests and peridomiciliary is associated with the infection. 600 620 ] Other protocols may include higher doses used only a couple of times a week. In environments with heavy infections, treatment of all in contact animals, particularly kittens, could be considered. /Threads 43 0 R Fluid loss may be severe in clinical cases. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The liquid suspension is most often used, available in 20mg/ml, 40mg/ml concentrations. Azithromycin: MedlinePlus Drug Information associated diarrhea sometimes resolves after administration of tylosin (10-15 mg/kg, PO, q12hr), azithromycin (10 mg/kg, PO, daily), or nitazoxanide (10-25 mg/kg, PO, q12-24 hr). When the cryptosporidium parasite is ingested in the oocyst stage, it is transferred into the body of the host cat. Cryptosporidiosis in Animals - Merck Veterinary Manual @media screen and (max-width:1024px) { Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. Fecal antigen tests for Cryptosporidium spp. The disease "beaver fever" is caused by (a) Trichomonas vaginalis (b) Schistosoma hematobium (c) Giardia intestinalis (d) Cryptosporidium parvum (e) Balantidium coli. All rights reserved. Be the first to get our latest updates, insider videos, cat health resources, and more. /CharSet Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Most Isospora spp. However, administration of treatment can speed resolution of clinical disease and may lessen environmental contamination and the potential for infecting other in contact animals. Azithromycin is a bacteriostatic antibiotic, but this does not mean it is weaker than a bactericidal antibiotic like, Unlike most antibiotics, azithromycin also, For example, an upper respiratory infection in a cat caused by the bacteria, Azithromycin also is not effective against viral causes of upper respiratory infections in cats, like, While cost-effective, it may be considered controversial for this purpose, since extended or life-long use of, Azithromycin is primarily metabolized by the liver, so, Because azithromycin can reach higher and longer concentrations in tissues, there are protocols that, I am completely satisfied, I found useful information and tips in this article, Article was somewhat helpful, but could be improved. A probable means to an end: exploring P131 pharmacophoric scaffold to identify potential inhibitors of Cryptosporidium parvum inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. 0000055272 00000 n Azithromycin is an antibiotic that falls into the class of drugs called macrolide antibiotics. oocysts are large and often occur in large numbers and so are generally easy to identify on microscopic examination of feces after fecal flotation. Can I catch cryptosporidium from my cat? Azithromycin is an antibiotic used to treat certain susceptible infections in cats. Coccidiosis is generally self-limited and most otherwise healthy kittens will have diarrhea resolve clinically without therapy. Cryptosporidium in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: azithromycin revisited. endobj } Dr. Chris Vanderhoof is a 2013 graduate of the Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine (VMCVM) at Virginia Tech, where he also earned a Masters in Public Health. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Cats.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Ann Pharmacother. replicate in the small intestine but the regions with the heaviest infection varies by the species. : The disease may be more severe, prolonged, and sometimes life-threatening in immunocompromised hosts. Azithromycin is a bacteriostatic antibiotic, but this does not mean it is weaker than a bactericidal antibiotic like Clavamox. High fiber diet. /A 312 6% Hydrogen peroxide Cryptosporidium Environmental Control Imidocarb, diminazene, phenamidine Babesia canis Treatment Atovaquone, azithromycin Imidocarb not as effective Cytauxzoan Treatment Fenbendazole Metronidazole, but increasing resistance found Many drugs are commonly prescribed for off-label use in veterinary medicine. } Animal studies have failed to reveal evidence of fetotoxicity or teratogenicity at moderately maternotoxic oral doses; animal studies have not been reported with the IV formulation. /O 296 In the United States, the Companion Animal Parasite Council reports that prevalence rates for Isospora spp. It reportedly has a quick effect against infections caused by Bartonella (the bacteria that causes cat-scratch disease in people) although clinically concerning infections in cats caused by Bartonella tend to be uncommon. Michael R. Lappin, DVM, PhD, DACVIM It then develops into a sporozoite, the division and development stage, and proceeds to spread and infect the cells throughout the body. Doumbo O, Rossignol JF, Pichard E, Traore HA, Dembele TM, Diakite M, Traore F, Diallo DA. Azithromycin (brand name Zithromax or Zmax) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used for a variety of bacterial, rickettsial, and parasitic infections. Azithromycin is not available over the counter. This short-acting medication should stop working within 24 hours, although effects can be longer in pets with liver or kidney disease. are generally the only enteric organism of approximately 4 to 6 in diameter that will stain pink to red with acid-fast stain. In some cats with diarrhea and Cryptosporidium spp. @media screen and (max-width:480px) { Cryptosporidium is an intestinal parasite that is commonly ingested through contaminated water, food or feces. The oocysts are spheroid and small, 4-6 m in diameter. Infection by Isospora spp. Epub 2006 Jan 17. Over 100 compounds have been used to attempt to treat Cryptosporidium spp. Cryptosporidium - Mar Vista Animal Medical Center .medication-table{ 0000014912 00000 n While the FDA has not approved azithromycin for cats and dogs, veterinarians find the benefits outweigh any dangers. Oocysts are typically isolated using sucrose flotation. 2021 Dec;17:128-138. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.09.001. Brooks, Wendy DVM DABVP. Hi Jackie, and so the diagnostic workup should be continued if therapeutic failures occur. He completed a rotating internship with Red Bank Veterinary Hospital in New Jersey and now works as a general practitioner in the Washington D.C. area. 0000057127 00000 n Azithromycin as treatment for cryptosporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus disease Short-term azithromycin can be used as a safe and effective treatment for symptomatic Cryptosporidiosis but not effective in eradicating Cryptosporidial infection. Can coccidiosis in chickens affect humans? The site is secure. The dose for Azithromycin is 7 to 15 mg/kg every 12 hours for 14 days. First, for inflammation or infection present inside the ear canal, oral medications are less commonly used, as they dont achieve good concentrations in the ear canals of cats and dogs. For this test we will require up to 1 gram of fresh feces. /Filter /FlateDecode It is always important to follow your veterinarians instructions precisely when giving this drug, like all medications, to avoid complications. color: #fcb040!important; Some formulations of this medication are pleasant tasting and most cats will readily accept them. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Further study is required assess the efficacy, dosage and duration of azithromycin as prophylaxis against cryptosporidiosis in HIV patients. Dr. Vanderhoof is also a copywriter specializing in the animal health field and founder of Paramount Animal Health Writing Solutions, which can be found at www.animalhealthcopywriter.com. 0000017998 00000 n Any kind of fluid discharge from the ear is abnormal and should be investigated. Azithromycin: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action - DrugBank Online Azithromycin For Cats: Dosage, Safety & Side Effects. What are the clinical manifestations of infection with this organism? :: References Figures [Figure - 1] Tables [Table - 1], [Table - 2] Cookie Settings Also while not very well understood in animals, azithromycin does have some promotility effects on the gastrointestinal tract in people (meaning it helps the GI tract move food along) and some of these effects have also been reported in dogs and cats. Infection may also occur if the cat ingests sporulated oocysts carried by paratenic hosts like flies, cockroaches, or dung beetles. Trophozoites are bilaterally symmetrical, have a large ventral adhesive disc, and have two nuclei, each with a large endosome. Am J Trop Med Hyg. This can lead to signs like vomiting, diarrhea, belly pain, and/or decreased appetite if they feel nauseous. Each time you make a purchase through one of our independently-chosen links, well receive a percentage of the proceeds. Azithromycin for dogs and cats: Uses, Dosage & Side Effects 0000051859 00000 n } Isospora spp. Cryptosporidium spp. 0000003956 00000 n Internal Parasite Control Flashcards | Quizlet Generic Name Azithromycin DrugBank Accession Number DB00207 Background. This unique absorption of azithromycin allows for less frequent dosing. Sporulated oocystsresistant stages for environmental transmissionare infective when shed by a host. Cryptosporidium is an intestinal parasite that is commonly ingested through contaminated water, food or feces.
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