The victory over France in 1871 expanded Prussian hegemony in the German states (aside from Austria) to the international level. Such leadership, of course, is required not to dominate other peoples but to lead them along the path of duty, to lead them toward the brotherhood of nations where all the barriers erected by egoism will be destroyed." Supporters of Grossdeutsch, or Greater Germany, insisted that Prussians and Austrians with a common language naturally should be part of one nation. Their "radicalness" depended upon where they stood on the spectrum of male suffrage: the wider the definition of suffrage, the more radical. The Mecklenburgs joined in 1867, while Bremen and Hamburg joined in 1888. AP Euro P.4 2/14/23 German language: 1800 was one of the most influential elements that led to German unification; several diverse German writers and theorists started to give work towards uniting German identity that wasn't involved with French control under Napoleon Burschenschaft: 1815 German unification had also been viewed as a prerequisite for the creation of a European federation, which Giuseppe Mazzini and other European patriots had been promoting for more than three decades: In the spring of 1834, while at Berne, Mazzini and a dozen refugees from Italy, Poland and Germany founded a new association with the grandiose name of Young Europe. In these states, German life has its positive and negative polesin the former, all the interests [that] are national and reformative, in the latter, all that are dynastic and destructive. This sheet contains the Summer Assignments and introduces you to the material we will be studying next year The Textbooks: Spielvogel, Jackson J. This became known as the practice of Kleinstaaterei, or "small-statery". The man-made factors included political rivalries between members of the German confederation, particularly between the Austrians and the Prussians, and socio-economic competition among the commercial and merchant interests, and the old land-owning and aristocratic interests. NAME _____ Mod ____ Ms. Pojer EHAP HGHS German Nationalism & Unification ? The movement to unite Italy into one cultural and political entity was known as the Risorgimento (literally, "resurgence"). During the ill-fated Revolutions of 1848, nationalists in Germany and Italy tried unsuccessfully to unify their nations on the basis of shared language and culture. The Brothers Grimm, who compiled a massive dictionary known as The Grimm, also assembled a compendium of folk tales and fables, which highlighted the story-telling parallels between different regions. Natural factors included widespread drought in the early 1830s, and again in the 1840s, and a food crisis in the 1840s. .We need a powerful ruling house. Wagner personally oversaw the design and construction of the theater located in the small Bavarian village of Bayreuth, the Festspielhaus, which opened in 1870 and where the Ring Cycle operas were first performed. One of the major questions concerning German unification centered on this Prussian-Austrian rivalry, which was both diplomatic and cultural. [] Mazzini hoped, but without much confidence, that his vision of a league or society of independent nations would be realized in his own lifetime. The Blog @ TomRichey.net - TomRichey.net Ultimately, many of the left-wing revolutionaries hoped this constitution would establish universal male suffrage, a permanent national parliament, and a unified Germany, possibly under the leadership of the Prussian king. . Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. Politically, the conservative order tried to limit the influence of liberal politics by making minor concessions to liberals. The external tariffs on finished goods and overseas raw materials were below the rates of the Zollverein. "Imagined Regions: The Construction of Traditional, Democratic, and Other Identities." Constructing Class and Nationality in Alsace, 1830-1945. The chancellor was accountable solely to, and served entirely at the discretion of, the Emperor. [94], Napoleon III had tried to secure territorial concessions from both sides before and after the Austro-Prussian War, but despite his role as mediator during the peace negotiations, he ended up with nothing. Italian and German Unification - 458 Words | Studymode As chancellor, Bismarck tried without much success to limit the influence of the Roman Catholic Church and of its party-political arm, the Catholic Center Party, in schools and education- and language-related policies. The French public, still aggravated over the defeat at Sadov, demanded war. [117], The Germanized Jews remained another vulnerable population in the new German nation-state. Thus, by 1836, all states to the south of Prussia had joined the Customs Union, except Austria. They could also attend universities and enter the professions. German Unification - AP Central | College Board Unification of German States - Countries - Office of the Historian Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 [57], Unification under these conditions raised a basic diplomatic problem. [22] Promoted as a county fair,[23] its participants celebrated fraternity, liberty, and national unity. Initially conceived by the Prussian Finance Minister Hans, Count von Blow, as a Prussian customs union in 1818, the Zollverein linked the many Prussian and Hohenzollern territories. Review the logistics and format of the exam, as well as useful resources to study for each unit. Travelers, both foreign and local, complained bitterly about the state of the Heerstraen, the military roads previously maintained for the ease of moving troops. Rural farmer. For more on this idea, see, for example, Joseph R. Llobera, and Goldsmiths' College. Many of the problems related to poverty (such as illness, overcrowded housing, unemployment, school absenteeism, refusal to learn German, etc.) At the same time, the original East Prussian craddle of the Prussian statehood as well as the Prussian-held Polish- or Kashubian-speaking territories of Province of Posen and West Prussia were formally annexed into the North German Confederation, thus Germany. Multi-scale modelling of chemical engineering applications and systems optimisation. The Prussian cabinet saw German unity as an issue of power and a question of who had the strength and will to wield that power. A master strategist, Bismarck initiated decisive wars with Denmark, Austria and France to unite 39 independent German states under Prussian leadership. The invasion of Russia included nearly 125,000 troops from German lands, and the loss of that army encouraged many Germans, both high- and low-born, to envision a Central Europe free of Napoleon's influence. One school of thought, which emerged after The Great War and gained momentum in the aftermath of World War II, maintains that the failure of German liberals in the Frankfurt Parliament led to bourgeoisie compromise with conservatives (especially the conservative Junker landholders), which subsequently led to the so-called Sonderweg (distinctive path) of 20th-century German history. However, central Europe's heterogeneous population meant that creating any "natural" type of Germany would be virtually impossible. Ap euro 30 - lecture notes - I a th eERXypROoEfFtCSh 0 The age of ' i [87] In 1867, the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph accepted a settlement (the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867) in which he gave his Hungarian holdings equal status with his Austrian domains, creating the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.[88]. In 1864 Bismarck trumped up charges against the Danish government for their treatment of Germans living in the Danish province of Schleswig-Holstein. Summary. Let us hope, then, that you can use your energy to overcome your moth-eaten thirty tyrants of the various German states. Over the ensuing thirty years (and more) other German states joined. You Germans, with your grave and philosophic character, might well be the ones who could win the confidence of others and guarantee the future stability of the international community. How were they to be organized? Like their French counterparts, wealthy German Jews sponsored salons; in particular, several Jewish salonnires held important gatherings in Frankfurt and Berlin during which German intellectuals developed their own form of republican intellectualism. [19], Despite considerable conservative reaction, ideas of unity joined with notions of popular sovereignty in German-speaking lands. Recent research into the role of the Grand Bourgeoisiewhich included bankers, merchants, industrialists, and entrepreneursin the construction of the new state has largely refuted the claim of political and economic dominance of the Junkers as a social group. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un vowed to strengthen state control over agriculture and take a spate of other steps to increase grain production . While the liberals failed to achieve the unification they sought, they did manage to gain a partial victory by working with the German princes on many constitutional issues and collaborating with them on reforms. Lacking a geographically central organizing feature (such as a national capital), the rails were laid in webs, linking towns and markets within regions, regions within larger regions, and so on. The reason is that the world lacks a nation [that] possesses true leadership. From the German perspective, the actions of Blcher's troops at Waterloo, and the combined efforts at Leipzig, offered a rallying point of pride and enthusiasm. Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 - Docmerit Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 $20.45 Add to Cart Browse Study Resource | Subjects Liberty University Health Care Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 Exam Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 Why did Wagner's cultural/mythical nationalism yield to Bismarck's policy of Realpolitik? [30] States more distant from the coast joined the Customs Union earlier. The treaties of Lunville (1801) and the Mediatization of 1803 secularized the ecclesiastical principalities and abolished most free imperial cities and these territories along with their inhabitants were absorbed by dynastic states. On 5 July, the Frankfurt Diet voted for an additional 10 articles, which reiterated existing rules on censorship, restricted political organizations, and limited other public activity. 432; Holt, p. 75. To name only a few of these studies: Geoff Eley. Austria's sphere expanded throughout much of the Central European territories formerly held by the Holy Roman Empire. Water transportation also improved. . The rank of nobility is abolished. AP EUROPEAN HISTORY 2008 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B) Question 4 Analyze the similarities and differences in the methods used by Cavour and Bismarck to bring about the unification of Italy and Germany, respectively. This led to his brother William becoming prince regent of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1858. [66] First, the phrase from his speech "the great questions of time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisions" is often interpreted as a repudiation of the political processa repudiation Bismarck did not himself advocate. German and Italian reunification has similarities and differences. The theater is in complete darkness as a long, sustained E-flat is played. Post-1945 historians, however, see more short-term opportunism and cynicism in Bismarck's manipulation of the circumstances to create a war, rather than a grand scheme to unify a nation-state. Napoleon abolishes the HRE in 1806 German Unification: First Steps Napoleon consolidated the area into 30 states, declared the German Confederation by the Congress of Vienna. While many spoke about the need for a constitution, no such document appeared from the discussions. Will give brainliest and a will put up a free point questionthe following question refers to a hypothetical situation. G.Wawro. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Metternich and his conservative allies had reestablished the Spanish monarchy under King Ferdinand VII. His talent and place as one of the great romantic composers is often overshadowed by his virulent anti-Semitism, having claimed that Jews were "the evil conscience of our modern civilization." Although the Austrians were far more successful in the military field against Italian troops, the monarchy lost the important province of Venetia. Privately, he feared opposition from the other German princes and military intervention from Austria or Russia. The Prussian king Frederick William III saw no advantage in traveling from Berlin to Potsdam a few hours faster, and Metternich refused to ride in one at all. Others wondered if the railways were an "evil" that threatened the landscape: Nikolaus Lenau's 1838 poem An den Frhling (To Spring) bemoaned the way trains destroyed the pristine quietude of German forests. Demonstrates the impact of German unification on the ethnically French region of Alsace. The German unification was also brought together by the Franco-Prussian war. b. prussia defeated france and gained control of the provinces of alsace and lorraine. The first episode in the saga of German unification under Bismarck came with the Schleswig-Holstein Question. [103], Victory in the Franco-Prussian War proved the capstone of the unification process. Sometimes, as with the case of German Catholics, this was a relatively benign process; the case of Poland, however, shows a different side of German unification. Through the organization of imperial circles (Reichskreise), groups of states consolidated resources and promoted regional and organizational interests, including economic cooperation and military protection. No German state may treat Germans who are not its citizens as foreigners. PDF Debates Over Italian Unification Dbq - (PDF) They got to keep their own land, but they had on Hapsburg ruler.The Augsleich was the compromise that brought these two countries together. They traced the roots of the German language, and drew its different lines of development together. In the Kleindeutschland ("Lesser Germany") solution, the German states would be united under the leadership of the Prussian Hohenzollerns; in the Grossdeutschland ("Greater Germany") solution, the German states would be united under the leadership of the Austrian Habsburgs. Prussia, of course, received the greatest number of seats in both houses. Furthermore, it was becoming increasingly clear that both Austria and Prussia wanted to be the leaders in any resulting unification; each would inhibit the drive of the other to achieve unification. Nationalism and Realism - Sample Homework Pacing (Page numbers are from Spielvogel, 9 th edition) Assignment 1: Napoleon III MindTap: Setting the Scene Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire, pages 658-660 The Second Napoleonic Empire, page 660 Foreign Policy: The Crimean War, pages 660-662 AP Euro Bit by Bit: Who Was Napoleon III? Germany only unified as recently as 1871, when Wilhelm I became the leader of the German Empire following the Franco-Prussian War. In the refrain, "Dear fatherland, dear fatherland, put your mind to rest / The watch stands true on the Rhine", and in such other patriotic poetry as Nicholaus Becker's "Das Rheinlied" ("The Rhine"), Germans were called upon to defend their territorial homeland. During the brief Napoleonic restoration known as the 100 Days of 1815, forces of the Seventh Coalition, including an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard von Blcher, were victorious at Waterloo (18 June 1815). For a summary of this argument, see David Blackbourn, and Geoff Eley. Austria's power meant lack of power for us, whereas Prussia desired German unity in order to supply the deficiencies of her own power. Moreover, the creation of the German Empire necessitated that various political and socio-economic interests either were suppressed or incorporated into the broader national structure. In the former, Bismarck manipulated long-standing Russian mistrust of Austria to form an alliance. As a further consequence, there was no German national identity in development as late as 1800, mainly due to the highly autonomous or semi-independent nature of the princely states; most inhabitants of the Holy Roman Empire, outside of those ruled by the emperor directly, identified themselves mainly with their prince rather than with the Empire or the nation as a whole. Agitation by student organizations led such conservative leaders as Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich, to fear the rise of national sentiment. Save. 52% average accuracy. [17] In this context, one can detect its roots in the experience of Germans in the Napoleonic period. German_Unification_DBQ_from_AP_Classroom.docx - EUROPEAN The first lesson was that, through force of arms, a powerful state could challenge the old alliances and spheres of influence established in 1815. AP European History Mr. Trinkner Boulder High School DBQ: German Unification Question: Weigh the relative importance of German nationalism and Prussian political aspirations in the unification of Germany. This experience echoed the memory of mutual accomplishment in the Napoleonic Wars, particularly in the War of Liberation of 181314. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2001. The German question is not a constitutional question, but a question of power; and the Prussian monarchy is now wholly German, while that of Austria cannot be. nationalism_and_realism_homework.docx - Nationalism and Combined diplomatic pressure from Austria and Russia (a guarantor of the 1815 agreements that established European spheres of influence) forced Prussia to relinquish the idea of the Erfurt Union at a meeting in the small town of Olmtz in Moravia. What did they stand for? Students will examine the co-option of traditional political factions such as liberals and conservatives by German unifiers and the emergence of new political groups as various national minority parties, including the Catholic Center Party and the Social Democrats, as a result of unification. Brunswick joined the Zollverein Customs Union in 1842, while Hanover and Oldenburg finally joined in 1854[32] After the Austro-Prussian war of 1866, Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg were annexed by Prussia and thus annexed also to the Customs Union, while the two Mecklenburg states and the city states of Hamburg and Bremen joined late because they were reliant on international trade. The Habsburgs ceded Venetia to France, which then formally transferred control to Italy. No amount of censorship, fines, imprisonment, or banishment, it seemed, could stem the criticism. PDF Italian and German Unification Secondary Sources - AP European history The creation of this Borussian myth (Borussia is the Latin name for Prussia) established Prussia as Germany's savior; it was the destiny of all Germans to be united, this myth maintains, and it was Prussia's destiny to accomplish this. Slowly, the music builds on the E-flat as the lights are slowly turned up on the setting, which shows the three Rhine Maidens swimming in the river. Yet there is a natural undercurrent tending to a national feeling and toward a union of the Germans into one great nation, ruled by one common head as a national unit. [31], By the early 19th century, German roads had deteriorated to an appalling extent. [64], Bismarck expressed the essence of Realpolitik in his subsequently famous "Blood and Iron" speech to the Budget Committee of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies on 30 September 1862, shortly after he became Minister President: "The great questions of the time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisionsthat was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849but by iron and blood. They believed any such conflict would only serve the interests of royal dynasties. . Italian and German Unification Secondary Sources SOURCE 1: Excerpt from Raymond Grew, A Sterner Plan for Italian Unity, 1963, pp. The Zollverein freed trade between most of the German states, with the exception of Austria. AP stands for "Advanced Placement"; it is a test intended for U.S. or foreign high school students to prove extraordinary knowledge. by cjones004. The Age of Metternich is a turning point which sparks governmental . The southern states became officially incorporated into a unified Germany at the Treaty of Versailles of 1871 (signed 26 February 1871; later ratified in the Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871), which formally ended the war. The assembly offered to share power under a constitutional monarchy and offered the crown of a unified Germany to Frederick William IV of Prussia. Celebrants gathered in the town below and marched to the ruins of Hambach Castle on the heights above the small town of Hambach, in the Palatinate province of Bavaria. There was also uncertainty as to who would best lead and defend "Germany", however it was defined. Howard, Chapter XI: the Peace, pp. He refused for a variety of reasons. Those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds by nature herself, long before any human art begins; they understand each other and have the power of continuing to make themselves understood more and more clearly; they belong together and are by nature one and an inseparable whole. ultimate guide to Euro 2020, epic interviews with the stars, plus the UK and Ireland dream team and also discover everything you need to know about Messi, Ronaldo, Kane, Salah, Mbappe, Maguire, Hazard, Pogba and all the other top footballers. The French public resented the Prussian victory and demanded Revanche pour Sadov ("Revenge for Sadova"), illustrating anti-Prussian sentiment in Francea problem that would accelerate in the months leading up to the Franco-Prussian War. As the rail network expanded, it became cheaper to transport goods: in 1840, 18 Pfennigs per ton per kilometer and in 1870, five Pfennigs. The Second Schleswig War resulted in victory for the combined armies of Prussia and Austria, and the two countries won control of Schleswig and Holstein in the concluding peace of Vienna, signed on 30 October 1864. Finally, Francefearing Hohenzollern encirclementdeclared war on Prussia in 1870, resulting in the Franco-Prussian War. During the Revolution of 1848, liberals met in the Frankfurt Assembly and drafted a constitution modeled on the ideals of the French Revolution of 1789. Several hapless Hambach speakers were arrested, tried and imprisoned; one, Karl Heinrich Brggemann (18101887), a law student and representative of the secretive Burschenschaft, was sent to Prussia, where he was first condemned to death, but later pardoned. Initially, the Danes attempted to defend their country using an ancient earthen wall known as the Danevirke, but this proved futile. [48] Failure to achieve unification in 1848, this argument holds, resulted in the late formation of the nation-state in 1871, which in turn delayed the development of positive national values. Let us hope that in the center of Europe you can then make a unified nation out of your fifty millions. Mark Nicholas Jones - Co-Founder and CEO/CTO - LinkedIn [34], As important as these improvements were, they could not compete with the impact of the railway. AP Euro & World History Lecture: Italian & German Unification by Ye Olde History Shoppe 4.5 (2) $3.00 Google Slides This presentation includes checks for understanding and points of discussion: Everything you need to teach and review GERMAN & ITALIAN UNIFICATION with your AP European History or World History classes. [7], The debacle in Russia loosened the French grip on the German princes.
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