In recent years, Kagan has turned his attention to a series of problems he finds with the psychological profession itself, including: disregarding the difference in settings in which experimental studies are conducted; basing theories and practices on single measures, rather than complex, multi-dimensional measurements; defining mental illnesses on the basis of symptoms without regard for etiology; and treating disorders with drugs that are non-specific for the disorder. His further claim that Buddhist meditational practices are an invaluable aid in such mind-training is more controversial, which is the reason why Davidson undertook the studies on the Tibetan monksto supply experimental proof of the beneficial effects of meditation. Her work has been extraordinarily wide-ranging, analyzing from an evolutionary point of view everything from the psychology of cooperation, coalition and friendship formation, incest avoidance, and autism, to threat interpretation, predator-prey relationships, visual attention, statistical reasoning, and multiple memory systems. Among the many concepts Gergen has introduced into the social psychology vocabulary are the cycle of progressive infirmity (by which psychological diagnoses impact subjects self-understanding for the worse) and generative theory (the idea that the social sciences do not objectively describe the social world so much as theorize it in ways that open up new possibilities for collective action). Famous Psychologists & Theories: Ainsworth, Mary - Attachment Theory. He received his bachelors degree in psychology in 1968 from California State University at Fresno, and his Ph.D. in 1974 from the University of Washington. In addition to his many essays, book reviews, and op-ed pieces for the popular press, Pinker has published around 180 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of some 14 books. Indeed, early in his career, he was best known for his theory of learned helplessness, which is the idea that people in traumatic situations from which they cannot escape tend to carry over the sense of their own powerlessness into other situations which they could (but do not) impact positively by their behavior. Linehan has written that her Catholic faith played an important role in her own eventual recovery. Loftus (ne Fishman) was born in Los Angeles, California, in 1944. S. Marc Breedlove, Mark R. Rosenzweig, and Neil V. Watson, Ibrahim B. Syed, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times,", Amber Haque, "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists,", D.S. William James, like many early psychologists, had considerable training in physiology. His father was an immigrant to Canada from Poland, while his mother hailed from Ukraine. Using these and other techniques, Schmid Masts most recent work has been focused on such phenomena as the way in which self-perception, physiological arousal, and perceived competence or persuasiveness all interact in a social evaluation situation, both in simulated self-preservation tasks, such as a job interview, and in real-life situations. Hippocrates- Humorism 460 BC - 370 BC Famous Biological Psychologists Show full text 1. Accessed from web.missouri.edu Video New York: Appleton Century Crofts. He earned his bachelors degree from Brandeis University in 1954, and his masters degree from Wesleyan University-where he worked with David McClellandin 1956. She is currently Distinguished Professor in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Subsequent studies demonstrated similar abilities in newborns within the first hour after birth. One of his papers, The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail[4]which argues that we mostly make moral judgments on an intuitive basis, reserving moral reasoning for the ex post facto justification of decisions already made-has been cited more than 6000 times. Regarded as the greatest living psychologist, Bandura is also counted among the most influential psychologists ever. In more recent years, he has been involved in the development of intelligent tutoring systems. There is also common sense and street smarts, involving the capacity to adapt to, and fluently and successfully interact with, the natural, man-made, and social environments. Antagonists can be delivered systemically (such as by intravenous injection) or locally (intracebrally) during a surgical procedure. Similarly, males are predisposed to promiscuity (because of the low physiological cost of their gametes) and to intense jealousy (to avoid being duped into giving resources to offspring not genetically related to them), whereas females are predisposed to give the appearance of fidelity (though not necessarily always the reality). She received her bachelors degree in social relations in 1971 from Radcliffe College (where she worked with Jerome Kagan), and her Ph.D. in psychology in 1978 from Cornell University (where she studied under Eleanor Gibson). Image Source. He did not deny the reality of a fundamental underlying personality altogether, but claimed that its expression is highly complex, and best characterized in terms of contextualized, conditional (if-then) patterns of behavior. His first book for a mass readership, The Language Instinct (1994), drove home in elegant prose the inarguable importance of the innate language faculty for our humanity. Note: Walter Mischel passed on September 12, 2018. Csikszentmihlyi has worked almost exclusively in the field of positive psychology-the investigation of the positive human affective states such as pleasure, happiness, joy, love, and creativity. Gilbert was born in 1957. Among other things, he has co-founded the Heterodox Academy to further that end. In 2016, the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) bestowed upon him its prestigious Atkinson Prize. Soon, however, she felt that another component was needed-religious faith. Herrnstein, R. J. This is largely because many of his writing remained inaccessible to the Western world until quite recently. For instance, he has asserted that the emotional meanings of the various facial expressions are largely universal-that is, independent of history or culturewhich implies that they are rooted in our common human biology. In 2000, he received the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award for lifetime achievement from the American Psychological Association(APA). He is currently Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership at New York Universitys Stern School of Business. The recipient of countless awards, grants, and other honors, he was elected a Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 1963, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1968. Rutter was born in Lebanon, where his English father worked as a doctor, in 1933. She is currently Professor of Humanities and Applied Psychology in the Department of Psychology at New York University-Steinhardt, as well as University Professor in NYUs School of Law. Gopnik is the author or co-author of more than 150 peer-reviewed journal articles or book chapters, as well as the author, co-author, or editor of six books. Together with John Tooby, Cosmides co-founded and co-directs the Center for Evolutionary Psychology at UC-Santa Barbara. Nadel has also been involved in following up on some of the implications of his early studies on the hippocampus, notably in such areas as the relationship between stress and memory and sleep and memory, as well as memory re-consolidation and the memory deficits associated with Down syndrome. References Bouchard, Thomas J, Jr. Lykken, David T. McGue, Matthew. She is currently Professor of Psychology and Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington, and Director of that universitys Behavioral Research and Therapy Clinics. For example, most subjects exaggerate the satisfaction they believe they will derive from possessing objects in comparison with having experiences (vacations, entertainment) and cultivating social ties with family and friends. Finally, Rosch also did highly influential theoretical work that sought to clarify the very idea of categorization at a philosophical level. Watson's Little Albert experiment also showed how people can acquire fears and learn complex behaviors by controlling one's environment. Schizophrenia, a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a mental illness characterized by impairments in the perception or expression of reality, most commonly manifesting as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions or disorganized speech and thinking in the context of significant social or occupational dysfunction. Unlike other subdivisions within biological psychology, the main focus of physiological psychological research is the development of theories that explain brain-behavior relationships rather than the development of research that has translational value. Tulvings family fled Estonia just ahead of the Red Army in 1940, settling briefly in Germany where Tulving completed his secondary education. She is the recipient of numerous honors, including election (in 1995) as Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA) and appointment as the APAs 1998 G. Stanley Hall Lecturer. In his most famous experiment, he arranged for 24 student volunteers to be randomly assigned to the roles of guards and prisoners in a mock prison built in the basement of a Stanford University Psychology Department building (whence the name, the Stanford Prison Experiment). Carl Wernicke Gardner was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, in 1943. He is currently Regents Professor Emeritus of Psychology and Cognitive Science at the University of Arizona. However, like several other psychologists on this list, Barrett has come to see the value of interdisciplinary efforts to study the mind. Who is the most famous psychologist? Mischel found that many years later children who were able to delay gratification had superior academic achievement, greater family and job stability, and even higher earnings. She is currently Marshall L. Berkman Professor of Psychology in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University, as well as a member of Harvards Graduate School of Education and Director of the universitys Laboratory for Developmental Studies. Sexual selection, in a nutshell, is the idea that the sexes may sometimes evolve independently of each other through adaptations geared specifically to the mating preferences of the opposite sex. This classification can be summarized by five positive character traits, or virtues, that make for an optimistic and resilient personality (known collectively by the acronym, PERMA), namely: Seligman is the author or co-author of around 280 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and the author, co-author, or editor of some 20 books. In particular, he analyzes the many ways in which human beings are prone to cognitive illusions, and how such mistakes affect our lives. Aronsons work has focused on the social dimension of human motivational systems, such as the structural reasons for prejudice and aggression, as well as more cognitively oriented dimensions, such as cognitive dissonance (the discomfort we feel when some of our beliefs contradict others). He suggested replacing Bowlbys single-causal-factor model with a multivariate analysis of vulnerability factors. Agonists can be delivered systemically (such as by intravenous injection) or locally (intracebrally) during a surgical procedure. For example, he has used electrooculography (EOG) technology, which precisely tracks eye movements using a set of electrodes surrounding the eyes, to create a new research protocol that bears his name. In his popular books, he has focused on the light that he believes psycholinguistics and developmental psychology can throw on the biological roots of morality, religion, literature, and artall the things that, as he puts it, make us human. 4. Gilligan felt that girls and women attain moral maturity by a different path; more importantly, she argued that moral decision-making by women in general takes place in a different voice than that by men. In The Blank Slate (2002), Pinker widened the discussion to include the ramifications of our inborn biological nature more generally, by looking at the history of the nature/nurture debate and arguing vigorously that since the balance of the scientific evidence weighs heavily in favor of nature, scientists ought to be at the forefront of efforts to ameliorate the human condition. Physiologists conducted experiments on living organisms, a practice that was distrusted by the dominant anatomists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Thus, sexual selection is a subset of natural selection; it is a useful concept for explaining the existence of what might otherwise seem like useless or even harmful traits, such as the peacocks tail. He is currently the Brooks and Suzanne Ragen Professor of Psychology and Cognitive Science at Yale University. Psychology 101. Kahneman and Tversky felt that rational choice theory was unrealistic, and they set out to develop more empirically adequate models by making the more realistic assumption of bounded rationality. She decided to learn all about the human psyche and obtained her B.S . Posner is the author or co-author of more than 330 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and the author, co-author, or editor of books. Pargament was born in Washington, DC, in 1950. Cognitive psychology is mainly concerned . He is especially well known for his distinction between two different forms of long-term memory, semantic and episodic, which was one of the earliest proposals involving cognitive modules. He is without a doubt best known for his theory of multiple intelligences-the highly influential idea that the sort of intelligence measured by standardized IQ tests is only one among a variety of types of intelligence deployed by human beings in their interactions with the world around them (especially the social world). Here the ten most famous cognitive psychologists. He is perhaps best known for his EEG and fMRI studies of the brains of Tibetan monks while meditating. Mischel is most closely associated with the claim, originally made in his 1968 book Personality and Assessment, that personality traits are highly context-dependent, and that the notion there is a stable personality which manifests uniformly over time and across varied social contexts, as previously believed, is a myth. biological psychology, also called physiological psychology or behavioral neuroscience, the study of the physiological bases of behaviour. A psychobiologist or biopsychologist may compare the imprinting behavior in goslings to the early attachment behavior in human infants and construct theory around these two phenomena. He has also published work on the importance of ideals and role models-especially, the ideal of heroism in everyday lifefor resisting peer pressure. In other words, the nervous system of the organism under study is permanently or temporarily altered, or some aspect of the nervous system is measured (usually to be related to a behavioral variable). Each of these maintained, but for different reasons, that human "intelligence" (a faculty of the mind or soul) could not be identified with, or explained in terms of, his physical body.
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