On May 27, a group of 400 people, mostly blacks, gathered at 28th and Greenwood Streets, in the Parkland neighborhood. "Somebody in a group dropped a bottle. By laurenbailly. Complete A-Z List or 1920 The Montreal Canadiens set an NHL record for most goals in a game with a 16-3 rout of the Quebec Bulldogs. Several community leaders arrived and told the crowd that no decision had been reached, and alluded to disturbances in the future if the officer was reinstated. "Heimmediately turned and put it right in my face.". The 1968 Louisville riots refers to riots in Louisville, Kentucky, in May 1968. To request an account and contribute to this open knowledge initiative, contact Randolph Hollingsworth, hollings AT mail.h-net.org. Klicken Sie auf Alle ablehnen, wenn Sie nicht mchten, dass wir und unsere Partner Cookies und personenbezogene Daten fr diese zustzlichen Zwecke verwenden. The second part of this three-part series can be seen on WAVE 3 News on Monday at 6p.m. Steve Crump is a Louisville native and reporter for WAVE 3 News' sister station, WBTV, in Charlotte, N.C. On January 31, 1968, communist troops launched an offensive during the lunar new year, called Tet. On May 27, a group of 400 people, mostly blacks, gathered at 28th and Greenwood Streets, in the Parkland neighborhood. Whether one considers assassination, group violence or individual acts of violence, the decade of the 1960s was considerably more violent than the several decades preceding it and ranks among the most violent in our history. And the violence of 1968 in particular clashed with Americans notions of what it meant to be a 20th-century superpowerespecially one touting the ideological supremacy of democratic rights and freedoms amid the anxieties of the Cold War. Violence in the United States has risen to alarmingly high levels, one government report, issued in December 1969, announced. List of Sources Clay was stunned bythe officer's actions. Weitere Informationen ber die Verwendung Ihrer personenbezogenen Daten finden Sie in unserer Datenschutzerklrung und unserer Cookie-Richtlinie. A couple watching news footage of the Vietnam war in their home. Different degrees of unrest Read MoreThe Martin Luther King Assassination Riots (1968) Two black teenage rioters had died, and $200,000 in damage had been done. That's where the trouble began. "But some other folks, African-American folks, helped him to divert into an alley. African American Library Directors in the USA Bei der Nutzung unserer Websites und Apps verwenden wir, unsere Websites und Apps fr Sie bereitzustellen, Nutzer zu authentifizieren, Sicherheitsmanahmen anzuwenden und Spam und Missbrauch zu verhindern, und, Ihre Nutzung unserer Websites und Apps zu messen, personalisierte Werbung und Inhalte auf der Grundlage von Interessenprofilen anzuzeigen, die Effektivitt von personalisierten Anzeigen und Inhalten zu messen, sowie, unsere Produkte und Dienstleistungen zu entwickeln und zu verbessern. The protests lead to more violence and destruction in the neighborhood. 13-16. VIDEO: The Assassination of RFK The assassination of Robert Kennedy was another tragic incident in a year marked with unrest. Earlier that month, on May 8, Patrolmen James B. Minton and Edward J. Wegenast had stopped Thomas, a schoolteacher, because he was driving a car that was similar to one used in a burglary. Sie knnen Ihre Einstellungen jederzeit ndern, indem Sie auf unseren Websites und Apps auf den Link Datenschutz-Dashboard klicken. [iv] Bryants esteemed position in multiple groups and her co-operation with the white community show that although there was attempts to work peacefully for change, some of the citizens in the community felt that the co-operation attempts of community leaders were not effective enough. Clifford was suspended for brutality in the arrest, but on May 23, a . On May 27, a group of 400 people, mostly blacks, gathered at 28th and Greenwood Streets, in the Parkland neighborhood. The Louisville riots of 1968 refers to riots in Louisville, Kentucky in May 1968. It survived that brutal, tumultuous year, and is still very much with us. April 23, 2011 in 1960s-1970s. Yes, the violent, bloody shadow of 1968 still casts itself over the United States 50 years later. As in many other cities around the country, there were unrest and riots partially in response to the assassination. Assassinations. From colonial times to today, educators . These included Cleveland, Baltimore , Washington, D.C. , Chicago, New York City and Louisville, Kentucky. What was causing the violence? Women and Factory Work in Lexington During the Civil Rights Era, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW), Black Churches in the Civil Rights Movement in Lexington, Kentucky, Oral History Interviews on Churches in the Civil Rights Movement, Request Author Role and Start a Research Journal, http://public.eblib.com/EBLPublic/PublicView.do?ptiID=605903, Perspectives of Teachers on Integration in Kentucky, Diigo Group: KY women and civil rights history. The intersection, and Parkland in . . [iii] These groups may have been more prone to take the events in their community to a degree total rebellion. James wasn't alone. The riot that took place in Louisville lasted several days and eventually the National Guard became involved in an attempt to re-establish peace. Most white residents also left the West End, which had been almost entirely white north of Broadway, from subdivision until the 1960s. On May 27, 1968, a group of 400 people, mostly blacks, gathered at Twenty-Eight and Greenwood Streets, in the Parkland neighborhood. There were additional incidents, both at home and worldwide, that made the question of national sickness more urgent. They differed, though, over the ailments causes. Many Louisville police officers began a period of soul searching during the summer of 2020, after spending night after night sweating in riot gear, . Protests turned into riots in Louisville Friday as people once again called for justice in the Breonna Taylor case. Seeing his friend harassed, Reid confronted the police, who then beat and arrested both men. Several days of eruptive disturbances forced the state to call in 2,000 National Guardsmen. [iv] Lawrence Kenneth Chumbley (interviewer), and Bryant, Ruth. The emphasis on non-violent strategies used during the Civil Rights Movement distracts from the anger and frustration of many of the black citizens of the time. See how their numbers swelled into the thousands and inspired student protests all over the country. In Chicago riots also began on Friday, April 5, and occurred primarily on the citys West Side. Book excerpt: When educators teach about the Civil Rights Movement we typically hear stories of black leaders such Martin Luther King Jr. and passive resistance strategies employed by citizens to elicit change. She worked on the Mayors Advising Committee, West End Community Council, and a womans group in Southwick. Two short years after 1968, the year the United States endured a series of cataclysmic episodes of politically tinged bloodletting, historian Richard Hofstadter observed that Americans certainly have a reason to inquire whetherthey are not a people of exceptional violence.. Numerous troops of the Kentucky National Guard tried to quell the violence taking place in Louisville. Do you find this information helpful? All rights reserved. The Civil War alone left more than half a million dead. As in many other cities around the country, there were unrest and riots partially in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., on April 4.On May 27, a group of 400 people, mostly blacks, gathered at 28th and Greenwood Streets, in the Parkland neighborhood. Reinforcements numbering 2,500 riot-trained soldiers - a brigade of the 82d Airborne Division from Ft. Bragg, N.C. _ were airlifted to nearby Andrews Air Force . * 1968 - Louisville riots of 1968, May 27, Louisville, Kentucky * 1968 - Glenville Shootout, July 23-28, Cleveland, Ohio * 1968 - Liberty City riot, Aug. 7-13, Miami, Florida * 1968 - 1968 Democratic National Convention protests riot, Aug. 1968, Chicago, Illinois On May 27, a group of 400 people, mostly blacks, gathered at 28th and Greenwood Streets, in the Parkland . But it was more than just the two political assassinations of towering liberal and civil-rights leaders. Police made 472 arrests related to the riots. Maybe it was the spewing of racist ideas and committing of racist acts, even though civil rights and voting rights had passed into law. One of the largest crises in Ohio prison history began on April 11, 1993, when 450 prisoners rioted at the maximum security Southern Ohio Correctional Facility in Lucasville. Such a late date would enable the toponym of the "Way of the Land of Philistines" in the Exodus tale (Exod. On May 27, 1968, a rally took place at 28th and Greenwood to protest the arrest of Charles Thomas and Manfred G. Reid. Over 400 arrests were made and $200,000 in damages were a result of what had happened. The situation in Louisville leading up to the riots in May 1968, along with the events of the trial of the "Black Six", serve to illustrate these . By midnight, rioters had looted stores as far east as Fourth Street, overturned cars and started fires. Former reporter Merv Aubespin's graphic accounts, connected to several days of rioting, made front page news 50 years ago this month. One riot in particular had taken place in Louisville, KY. In his 1968 speech accepting the Republican nomination for president, Nixon acknowledged the scourge of national violence and hatred. By Charles Fentress / Courier-Journal May 26, 1967, A dry cleaning business is looted during a night of rioting in Parkhill neighborhood. New York Times (1923-Current file); May 31, 1968; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851 2007) 11. Black Power played a vital role in community organizing and in displays of black national and cultural pride. Maybe it was the daily dose of Vietnam war violence being broadcast into Americans living rooms, or the televised images of inner cities in flames. Some of the most notable riots occurred in Baltimore (Maryland), Chicago (Illinois), Louisville (Kentucky), New York City (New York), andWashington, D.C. Violent protest clashes. [ii] Luther Adams. One particular riot was called the Trenton Riots of 1968, which occurred in Trenton, NJ. However, rumors (which turned out to be untrue) were spread that Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee speaker Stokely Carmichael's plane to Louisville was being intentionally delayed by whites. Looting and shooting occurred, buildings were burned, two teens were killed, and 472 people were arrested. Perhaps it flowed from the ubiquity and easy access to firearms by hate-filled madmen, or from the breakdown of social mores as rebellious young Americans openly thumbed their noses at tradition and authority. The U.S. had a deep history of political assassinations and bombings committed by shadowy groups or lone wolves with murky causes. However, silent aftermath still lingers along this once-thriving corridor, impacting the city's decision-makers like Metro Council President David James. America was certainly no stranger to political violence, but 1968 appeared to bring the bloodletting to new heights. The legacy of nonviolent solutions to social and political problems remains alive in 2018. Of course, politicians stepped in, beat their chests and proffered their prescriptions. St Louis Sporting News (Newspaper) - June 22, 1968, St Louis, MissouriMontreal episode in your june i Issue was a letter from Tom Nesmith jr., of Kingston ont., citing Montreal a advantages As a major league site and closing with the statement that. Many are from the surrounding . In the 1960s, racial tension had been growing in Louisville. Depending who you asked, the culprit could be one or more of a laundry list of toxic forces. Police violently expelled student protesters from buildings on Columbia University Morningside Heights campus, dealing a blow to the idea of college campuses as havens for American dissent. First built in 1834, it was given a luxurious facelift in 1879, and another in 1968 - its most recent upgrade was in the form of a $9.4 million renovation, finished in 2017. When educators teach about the Civil Rights Movement we typically hear stories of black leaders such Martin Luther King Jr . housing demonstrations, the May, 1968 riot, and the trial of the 'Black Six'. 1968 - Louisville riots of 1968, May 1968 (Louisville, Kentucky, USA) 1968 - Glenville Shootout , Cleveland, OH 1968 - 1968 Democratic National Convention riot, Aug. 1968, ( Chicago , Illinois , USA ) TheKingAssassinationRiotswere a series of more than 100 cases of civil unrest that occurred in the wake of the death of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The riot began because of a traffic stop in the West End Community. [2], Learn how and when to remove this template message, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1968_Louisville_riots&oldid=1117340874, This page was last edited on 21 October 2022, at 05:44. April 6, 1968 Army Troops in Capital as Negroes Riot . On lookers started to multiply numbering over 200 and the situation began to escalate. In April 1968 after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in Memphis, Tennessee, rioting broke out in cities across the country from frustration and despair. Twice a week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you. This is a chronological list of riots: 121 BC - Roman Election Riot of 121 BC (Rome, Roman Republic) 113 BC - Roman Election Riot of 113 BC (Rome, Roman Republic) 40 - Riots erupted in Alexandria (Roman Egypt) between Jews and Greeks. Oral history interview with Ruth Bryant (University of Louisville Archives and Records Center, 1970), . Neighborhood and Lexington Urban Renewal 1965, Midway Womans Club and the Better Community Project. The newer generations of black citizens took over the racial discrimination cause and were willing to use whatever means necessary to accomplish their goals. 184-189. For a time, the promise of nonviolence as a means to advance social change appeared to have been defeated. The King Assassination Riots were a series of more than 100 cases of civil unrest that occurred in the wake of the death of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. And while the abuses of urban police departments remain rampant 50 years on, the Black Lives Matter movement, combined with increasing media scrutiny of police violence against African-Americans, serve as reminders that efforts to reform police practices and the criminal-justice system remain central to the political conversation. The attempts of the militant BULK lead group were met with the same hostility on the opposing white side. See also "PHOTOS: The 1968 Louisville Riots" at the WHAS11 website. Minor clashes broke out as some protesters threw stones at the offices of Greece's rail operator and riot police and set . The black community was angry and felt decided to display their anger throughout the neighborhood. 1968 - Louisville riots of 1968, May 1968 (Louisville, Kentucky, USA) 1968 - Glenville Shootout, Cleveland, OH; 1968 - 1968 Democratic National Convention riot, Aug. 1968, (Chicago, Illinois, USA) 1968 - Rodney Riots, (Kingston, Jamaica) 1969 - Sir George Williams Computer Riot, (Montreal, Canada) LOUISVILLE, Ky. Two police officers were shot Wednesday night during downtown protests that erupted after a grand jury's decision not to charge the officers . Violence and racism are a basic part of American history and of the history of the school. In the 1960s, racial tension had been growing in Louisville. For a take on the long-term impact, see Glowicki, "In Louisville's Parkland neighborhood, the scars of 1968 riots are still visible,"Courier Journal, 5/26/2018. PHOTOS: The 1968 Louisville Riots. The two men were eventually arrested, but charges were ultimately dropped. During the riot 2 boys were killed and 472 people were arrested. [volume] (Lancaster, Wis.) 1850-1968, August 15, 1857, Image 1, brought to you by Wisconsin Historical Society, and the National Digital Newspaper Program. Chumbley, Kenneth Lawrence (interviewer), and Bryant, Ruth. Most white business owners quickly pulled out or were forced, by the threat of racial violence, out of Parkland and surrounding areas. More than 400 people were arrested, and two teenagers killed. President Lyndon B. Johnson called in the National Guard to the city on April 5, 1968, to assist the police department in quelling the unrest. It was the second night in a row hundreds flocked downtown to make their voices . A scuffle occurred between Clifford and Reid. Numerous National Guard troops andMarineswere called into D.C. to help maintain order. Her efforts involved working with community leaders in an attempt to elicit change in the community. Most white residents also left the West End, which had been almost entirely white north of Broadway, from subdivision until the 1960s. 1968 Louisville Riots Articles - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. The intersection, and Parkland in general, had recently become an important location for Louisville's black community, as the local NAACP branch had moved its office there. One of the police officers, Michael Clifford, was terminated for use of unnecessary force, but was reinstated due to political pressure by the Louisville Lodge Six of the Fraternal Order of Police. York Daily Record. The police officers eventually got into an altercation with the teacher and his friend. The Louisville riots of 1968 refers to riots in Louisville, Kentucky in May 1968. "I looked in his eyes, and I never saw so much hate through his eyes -- you know?" 1965: Los Angeles. Burning Buildings on Chicagos West Side, April 5, 1968. Racial prejudice inspired unrelenting barbarity against African-Americansslavery, lynching and systemic police brutalityalong with steady outbreaks of violence directed at a wide swath of ethnic minorities and immigrants. NASL: 2 lugar - 2015; Campeonato Canadense: 3 lugar - 2016; Notas. Rioting in Louisville, KY (1968) In the 1960s, racial tension had been growing in Louisville. Michael Coers / Courier-Journal April 14, 1967, Updates | Crews continue to restore power as thousands remain in the dark after wind storm; the latest numbers, LMPD: Man dies after hit-and-run on Cane Run Road, 'We can handle it': Fans brave the weather for Big Nita's Cheesecake. "Suddenly the police, when he was laying back in the cut, came into the crowd. . History Reads features the work of prominent authors and historians. In addition the Dr. King's assassination in 1968, the issues of civil rights, employment discrimination, poverty, racial profiling and police brutality lay at the center of both riots. This book was released on 1968 with total page 230 pages. The events in Louisville took place in May and were instigated in part by Kings assassination but also by the fact that a white officer involved in the beating of a black man was reinstated by the police department after a brief investigation. So serious was the revolt that in late May the French president, Charles de Gaulle, met . In the wake of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr, much of the country was in civil unrest. 3 (1988), pp. Police made 472 arrests related to the riots. Reid and Thomas were arrested.Three weeks later, a rally was called in response to the arrests; 350-400 people attended. By 8:30, the crowd began to disperse. Way Up North in Louisville African American Migration in the Urban South, 1930-1970 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), . The Louisville riots of 1968 refers to riots in Louisville, Kentucky in May 1968. In May of 1968 in Louisville Kentucky, a group of around 400 African American civilians gathered at the intersection of 28 and Parkland to protest the possible reinstatement of a white police officer convicted of beating . RELATED STORIES + 50th Anniversary of Louisville Riots of 1968 + 50 Years Later: Remembering Louisville's 1968 riots -- Part I. Tony Impellizerri's family got out by 1979. Family members of former Metro Council member Tom Owenoperated a nearby funeral home on Virginia Avenue, and his grandfather found himself in harm's way. The result: a further fracturing of liberalism, arguably the nations most powerful political creed since the New Deal. The skirmish escalated, growing into a full-fledged riot in the West End, lasting for almost a week. In both riots, stores were ransacked and burned to the . "I was a real estate broker. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1968_Louisville_riots&oldid=1117340874, African-American history in Louisville, Kentucky, African-American riots in the United States, Articles needing additional references from February 2016, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 21 October 2022, at 05:44. Violence and vandalism continued to rage the next day, but had subdued somewhat by May 29. Business owners began to return, although troops remained until June 4. This event lead to the involvement of a local group called the Black Unity League of Kentucky (BULK). A friend of the accused, Manfred Reid, became involved and the simple traffic stops by stopping and asking why his friend was being arrested. The police, including a captain who was hit in the face by a bottle, retreated, leaving behind a patrol car, which was turned over and burned. . FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. In the 1960s, racial tension had been growing in Louisville. Two black teenage rioters had died, and $200,000 in damage had been done. 1966 Buckpasser, ridden by Bill Shoemaker, wins the Flamingo Stakes by a nose. But 1968 appeared to reinvigorate this legacy of politically motivated violence and cap a decade of politically tinged bloodletting. Over the last 105 years, U.S. troops have played major roles in two world wars, a wide variety of civil conflicts, and dozens of military campaigns. The intersection, and Parkland in general . Over the 1968 year the West End Community of Louisville Kentucky went through a great deal of active resistance to the suppression of the black community. Manfred Reid, a current Louisville Housing Commission member, was also on 28th Street that dayand felt the tension in the air weeks earlier, at 23rdand Broadway. Kentucky is not often mentioned as a place of great racial disputes, but in 1968 Louisville Kentucky gained national attention as the site of a major racial riot. For several days after the July 23, 1968, shootout, buildings around Glenville, Cleveland, were looted and set afire. Clippings from the Courier-Journal found at the Louisville Public Library on the 1968 Louisville Riots. The intersection, and Parkland in general, had . The riot would have effects that shaped the image which whites would hold of Louisville's West End, that it was predominantly black. The question crossed the lips of political leaders, activists and those in the nations mainstream news media. 1968 - Trenton Riot of 1968, April 9-11, Trenton, New Jersey; 1968 - 1968; 1968 - Louisville riots of 1968, May 27, Louisville, Kentucky; 1968 - Akron riot, July 17-23, Akron, Ohio; 1968 - Glenville Shootout, July 23-28, Cleveland, Ohio; 1968 - 1968 Miami riot, August 7-8, Miami . 0:00. Many businesses have long left the area near 28th and Greenwood. This riots resulted in 472 arrests and 2 dead. On May 27, a group of 400 people, mostly blacks, gathered at 28th and Greenwood Streets, in the Parkland neighborhood. York's race riots were a war that left dozens injured and two people dead. As in many other cities around the country, there were unrest and riots partially in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., on April 4.On May 27, a group of 400 people, mostly blacks, gathered at 28th and Greenwood Streets, in the Parkland neighborhood. 20072023 Blackpast.org. Copyright 2003-2023 Reinette Jones & University of Kentucky Libraries. The Fair Housing Act may have still been enacted but not in the manner that it was done after Dr. King was assassinated. [ii]. O Ottawa Fury FC tinha trs torcidas organizadas: Bytown Boys Supporters Club, Fury Ultras e Stony Monday Riot. Simon Wallace is proud of his barbershop, where he knows the customers by name. The sickness seemed to flare anew on the streets of Chicago outside the Democratic National Convention in August. Reid, a real estate broker, was nearby and questioned the arrest. On May 27, 1968, a group of 400 people, mostly blacks, gathered at Twenty-Eight and Greenwood Streets, in the Parkland neighborhood. They are not racists or sick; they are not guilty of the crime that plagues the land. Blaming the nations leaders for Americas convulsive state, Nixon offered himself as the solution: leadership that would crack down on lawlessness and counteract years of what he characterized as Democratic failure. Your email address will not be published. African American History: Research Guides & Websites, Global African History: Research Guides & Websites, African American Scientists and Technicians of the Manhattan Project, Envoys, Diplomatic Ministers, & Ambassadors, Foundation, Organization, and Corporate Supporters. Most white business owners quickly pulled out or were forced, by the threat of racial violence, out of Parkland and surrounding areas. The Louisville riots of 1968 refers to riots in Louisville, Kentucky in May 1968. King himself questioned the efficacy of his nonviolent movement at times. During the riots cars were turned over and set on fire and bottles and rocks were thrown at officers. The police officers involved in this event chose to take on unnecessary actions that resulted in numerous days of unrest, instability, and danger for the West End Community. War. The scene in Chicago was characterized by looting, arson, and violence. Six units of the national guard, over 2,000 guardsmen, were ordered to Louisville. As in many other cities around the country, there were unrest and riots partially in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., on April 4. The pattern didnt end with RFKs assassination. Five decades on, its equally clear that the legacy of peaceful protest on behalf of economic and social and civil rightsthe idea of peaceful electoral change through the ballot boxdidnt die in 1968. All Rights Reserved. Different degrees of unrest were seen depending on the city in which it took place. Since we are based in Europe, we are forced to bother you with this information. Patrolmen Clifford ordered Reid and others to get back; he was poking Reid in the chest with his finger. Riots occurred in Louisville, Kentucky, in May 1968. The Louisville riots of 1968 refers to riots in Louisville, Kentucky in May 1968. This turmoil was apparent all throughout the nation as racial tensions rose to a volatile level. However the small and unprepared police response simply upset the crowd more, which continued to grow. Indeed, for many on both the left and the right, there was a feeling that the systemthe nations institutions, be they civic, political or religioushad become complicit in fomenting the violence (Vietnam). The activist movement Students for a Democratic Societywhich in its definitive 1962 political manifesto, the Port Huron Statement, declared that people are fearfulthat at any moment things might be thrust out of controlsaw their prophecy fulfilled. For some, it was a growing crisis of faith in a government that allowed so many citizens to languish in povertyand that repeatedly lied to its people about lack of progress in the war effort. ", MORE FROM WAVE3.COM+50th Anniversary of Louisville Riots of 1968+Two-minute horse race took years to sort out 1968 winner+City honors life, legacy of Rev. Police in riot gear could be seen blocking nearby streets. [iii] Luther Adams. Apr 4, 1968. . / 5 (users download) GET BOOK! As in many other cities around the country, there were unrest and riots partially in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., on April 4. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., the civil-rights icon and Nobel Peace Laureate, told striking workers in Memphis, Tennessee on April 3, 1968 that the nation is sick, trouble is in the land. After a racist gunman shot and killed King the next day, The Los Angeles Times editorialized that we are a sick society that has fallen far short of what we claim to be, adding that a kind of mental and moral decay is eating out the vitals of this country. The New York Times pinpointed the sickness as coming from the stench of racial prejudice and racial hatred that remained powerful currents of thought and were at the root of the murder of the iconic civil rights leader.
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