Bear Facts for Kids Facts about Black Bears Black bears can smell and hear very well. Along the Pacific coast, redwood, Sitka spruce and hemlocks predominate as overstory cover. [5][page needed][44], In the state of California, studies have indicated that the average mass is 86 kg (190 lb) in adult males and 58 kg (128 lb) in adult females. The bear's bone mass does not change in geometry or mineral composition during hibernation, which implies that the bear's conservation of bone mass during hibernation is due to a biological mechanism. [39] Even cougars will be displaced by an angry mother bear if they are discovered stalking the cubs. Although they occasionally hunt adult cattle and horses, they seem to prefer smaller prey such as sheep, goats, pigs and young calves. [39] In parts of northeastern Canada, especially Labrador, American black bears have adapted exclusively to semi-open areas that are more typical habitat in North America for brown bears (likely due to the absence here of brown and polar bears, as well as other large carnivore species). Record: 454 pounds; Pennsylvania. [90] After emerging from their winter dens in spring, they wander their home ranges for two weeks so that their metabolism accustoms itself to the activity. Weights and Measures: The black bear is about 1.5 m (5 feet) long. "Implications of a high-energy and low-protein diet on the body composition, fitness, and competitive abilities of black (, Barnes, V.G. The American black bear (Ursus americanus) is a medium-sized bear native to North America. [24], There have been several sightings quite far away from where the American black bear is normally found, such as Union County, North Carolina[35][36] and western Nebraska. In the coastal areas of the Southeast (such as Florida, the Carolinas and Louisiana), bears inhabit a mixture of flatwoods, bays and swampy hardwood sites. Baby black bears are born and live in the safety of the mother's den during winter. The adaptation to woodlands and thick vegetation in this species may have originally been due to the American black bear having evolved alongside larger, more aggressive bear species, such as the extinct giant short-faced bear and the still-living grizzly bear, that monopolized more open habitats[39] and the historic presence of larger predators, such as Smilodon and the American lion, that could have preyed on American black bears. While the home ranges of individual bears are usually exclusive from those of other bears of the same sex, male ho me ranges are larger and may overlap those of several females. Historically, black bears are thought to have stayed away from open habitat because of the risk of predation by brown bears. [3][9] The earliest American black bear fossils, which were located in Port Kennedy, Pennsylvania, greatly resemble the Asian species,[10] though later specimens grew to sizes comparable to grizzly bears. [99] American black bears have also been recorded similarly preying on elk calves in Idaho[100] and moose calves in Alaska.[101]. Keeping the fat on tends to give the meat a strong flavor. Longevity in the wild is 20 to 25 years. General Wade Hampton was known to have been present at 500 successful American black bear hunts, two-thirds of which he killed personally. Black bears have short, non-retractable claws that give them an excellent tree-climbing ability. [105], He wrote that American black bears were difficult to hunt by stalking, due to their habitat preferences, though they were easy to trap. They inhabit all elevations in the park. An average male weighs 136 kg (300 lb). Generally larger than its mainland counterparts with a huge skull and molars and found only in a black color phase. Females also give birth in February and nurture their cubs until the snow melts. Meat from the neck, front legs and shoulders is usually ground into minced meat or used for stews and casseroles. Their claws are typically black or grayish-brown. Bears at lower altitudes tend to emerge earlier. [38], Throughout their range, habitats preferred by American black bears have a few shared characteristics. Although large, aggressive dogs can sometimes cause a bear to run, if pressed, angry bears often turn the tables and end up chasing the dogs in return. As a result, the cats spend more time killing and less time feeding on each kill. In eight states, only a big game license is required to hunt American black bears. Some males have been known to weigh up to 500 to 600 pounds (227 to 272 kg). Many of the physiological changes an American black bear exhibits during hibernation are retained slightly post-hibernation. Finally, mature males tend to come out earliest, followed by immature males and females, and lastly mothers with cubs. The retention of waste during hibernation (specifically in minerals such as calcium) may play a role in the bear's resistance to atrophy.[84]. They are often found in areas with relatively inaccessible terrain, thick understory vegetation and large quantities of edible material (especially masts). There is always 1 or sometimes 2, bears bigger than 250 lbs potentially, during a week hunt. I would take exception to the attempt to characterize those who tag small bears as being unsportsmanlike. American black bears have been known to frighten livestock herds over cliffs, causing injuries and death to many animals; whether or not this is intentional is not known. As American black bears can have trichinellosis, cooking temperatures need to be high in order to kill the parasites. [39] Across its range, the greatest skull length for the species has been reportedly measured from 23.5 to 35 cm (9.3 to 13.8 in). For males 4 years of age or older, the average weight was 186 pounds, ranging from 128 to 260 pounds. The number of attacks on humans is higher than those by brown bears in North America, but this is largely because black bears considerably outnumber brown bears. Males are roughly 40 inches tall at the shoulder and measure 5 to 6 feet from nose to tail; females are about 30 inches tall at the shoulder and 4 to 5 feet long. [116], American black bears feature prominently in the stories of some of America's indigenous peoples. [45][46] In Great Smoky Mountains National Park, adult males averaged 112 kg (247 lb) and adult females averaged 47 kg (104 lb) per one study. Compared to brown bear attacks, aggressive encounters with American black bears rarely lead to serious injury. [81], During their time in hibernation, an American black bear's heart rate drops from 40 to 50 beats per minute to 8 beats per minute and the metabolic rate can drop to a quarter of the bear's (nonhibernating) basal metabolic rate (BMR). [7], The ancestors of American black bears and Asian black bears diverged from sun bears 4.58 mya. spawning salmon or garbage dumps), they may congregate and dominance hierarchies form, with the largest, most powerful males dominating the most fruitful feeding spots. Modern black bears, with limited habitat, average 100 to 400 pounds in weight and are generally afraid of humans. [64][page needed] Black coats tend to predominate in moist areas such as Maine, New York, Tennessee, Michigan and western Washington. In 1822, 3,000 skins were exported from the Hudson's Bay Company. Seasonal variation in weight is very pronounced: in autumn, their pre-den weight tends to be 30% higher than in spring, when black bears emerge from their dens. Females tend to have slenderer and more pointed faces than males. Has brown or reddish-brown fur, reminiscent of cinnamon. [4][page needed] Theodore Roosevelt wrote extensively on American black bear hunting in his Hunting the Grisly and other sketches, in which he stated, in [a black bear] chase there is much excitement, and occasionally a slight spice of danger, just enough to render it attractive; so it has always been eagerly followed. Black bears with white and pale-blue coats (known respectively as Kermode and glacier bears) also occur in small numbers. Females reach sexual maturity at three to four years of age and males a year or so later. Nineteen states require a bear hunting license, with some also requiring a big game license. International Union for Conservation of Nature, The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, List of fatal bear attacks in North America, "Crash involving bear reported on I-485 in south Charlotte", "Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary", "Aspects of Evolution and Adaptation in American Black Bears (, "Dispersals of Neogene Carnivorans between Asia and North America", 10.1206/0003-0090(2003)279<0018:C>2.0.CO;2, "Chapter 8. [42] American black bears have been reported stealing deer and other game from human hunters. It and the brown bear are the only two of the eight modern bear species not considered by the IUCN to be globally threatened with extinction. (1967) "Population characteristics and activities of black bears in Yellowstone National Park". Weight and Age Relationship for Black Bears and Humans Human (Female) Human (Male) Age Weight Age Weight New born 7.16 lbs. [132] According to the second volume of Frank Forester's Field Sports of the United States, and British Provinces, of North America: The flesh of the [black] bear is savoury, but rather luscious, and tastes not unlike pork. [5][page needed]. In Virginia, the total length of adult bear skulls was found to average 262 to 317 mm (10.3 to 12.5 in). Consequently, the most often that female black bears can mate, unless they lose their cubs prematurely, is every two years. Despite living in North America, American black bears are not closely related to brown bears and polar bears; genetic studies reveal that they split from a common ancestor 5.05 million years ago (mya). These bears often eat crops, especially during autumn hyperphagia when natural foods are scarce. [5][page needed], A small primitive bear called Ursus abstrusus is the oldest known North American fossil member of the genus Ursus, dated to 4.95 mya. [3] American and Asian black bears are considered sister taxa and are more closely related to each other than to the other modern species of bears. New Jersey, in November 2010, approved a six-day bear-hunting season in early December 2010 to slow the growth of the American black bear population. [135] A Fairleigh Dickinson University PublicMind poll found that 53% of New Jersey voters approved of the new season if scientists concluded that American black bears were leaving their usual habitats and destroying private property. [12] The giant and lesser short-faced bears are thought to have been heavily carnivorous and the Florida spectacled bear more herbivorous,[13] while the American black bears remained arboreal omnivores, like their Asian ancestors. [118][page needed] In Kwakiutl mythology, American black and brown bears became enemies when Grizzly Bear Woman killed Black Bear Woman for being lazy. Black bears can run 35 miles per hour and can live for more than 25 years. [5][page needed] Prior to that time, they can put on up to 14 kg (30 lb) of body fat to get them through the several months during which they fast. [11] From the Holocene to the present, American black bears seem to have shrunk in size,[3] but this has been disputed because of problems with dating these fossil specimens. [19][80], Hibernating American black bears spend their time in hollowed-out dens in tree cavities, under logs or rocks, in banks, caves, or culverts and in shallow depressions. [106] Occasionally American black bears kill pets, especially domestic dogs, which are most prone to harass a bear. Cubs usually weigh between 200 and 450 g (between seven ounces and one pound) at birth. 4 months 14 lbs. [61], The fur is soft, with dense underfur and long, coarse, thick guard hairs. [84][85] A hibernating American black bear loses approximately half the muscular strength compared to that of a well-nourished, inactive human. [39] The worst recorded attack occurred in May 1978, in which an American black bear killed three teenagers fishing in Algonquin Park in Canada. [82] The bear keeping track of the changing days allows it to awaken from hibernation at the appropriate time of year to conserve as much energy as possible. Unlike the hunting of hibernating grizzly bears, which was fraught with danger, hibernating American black bears took longer to awaken and hunting them was thus safer and easier. americanus. [57][page needed] The Kutchin typically hunted American black bears during their hibernation cycle. [120][page needed], Morris Michtom, the creator of the teddy bear, was inspired to make the toy when he came across a cartoon of Theodore Roosevelt refusing to shoot an American black bear cub tied to a tree. [138][page needed] The most favored cuts of the American black bear's meat are concentrated in the legs and loins. Bears store body fat during the fall months to supply energy during their long winter denning period, and are heaviest in late fall. However, both Arctodus and Tremarctos had survived several other, previous ice ages. Typically they are dark brown with a brown muzzle and, occasionally, a small white chest patch. First Impression. Asian black bears are similar in general appearance to brown bears, but are more lightly built and are more slender limbed. [64] Of 1,028 incidents of aggressive acts toward humans, recorded from 1964 to 1976 in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 107 resulted in injury and occurred mainly in tourist hot spots where people regularly fed the bears handouts. Author Gerald Amy with his best bear ever, a 400 pound plus, 7 foot … Males try to mate with several females, but large, dominant ones may violently claim a female if another mature male comes near. [39] However, as evidenced by scats with fur inside of them and the recently discovered carcass of an adult sow with puncture marks in the skull, American black bears may occasionally have fallen, and still do fall, prey to jaguars in the southern parts of their range. A guess-ta-met. [41] The fur is not as shaggy or coarse as that of brown bears. (2003). [96][97][98] Bears may catch the scent of hiding fawns when foraging for something else and then sniff them out and pounce on them. The population density is about 2 per 1 square mile. Some subspecies do not show as black. Over much of their range, American black bears are assured scavengers that can intimidate, using their large size and considerable strength, and if necessary dominate other predators in confrontations over carcasses. They regularly climb trees to feed, escape enemies and hibernate. [8], The American black bear lived during the same period as the giant and lesser short-faced bears (Arctodus simus and A. pristinus, respectively) and the Florida spectacled bear (Tremarctos floridanus). [39], A limitation of food sources in early spring and wild berry and nut crop failures in summer may contribute to American black bears regularly feeding from human-based food sources. Mike McIntosh of Bear With Us relocated a 360 pound female in the fall of 1998 in Central Ontario. [24] American black bears currently inhabit much of their original Canadian range, though they seldom occur in the southern farmlands of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba; they have been extirpated on Prince Edward Island since 1937. [43], American black bear weight tends to vary according to age, sex, health and season. Polar Bear Brown Bear; Average Weight of Mature Male: 900-1,500 pounds: 500-900 pounds: Heaviest Recorded: 2,210 pounds: 2,500+ pounds: Average Length of Mature Male Auto collisions also may claim many American black bear lives annually. How to Judge the Age of a Bear. Cubs may squeal, bawl or scream when in distress and make a motor-like humming sound when comfortable or nursing. Although an adult bear is quite capable of killing a human, American black bears typically avoid confronting humans. In some areas of coastal British Columbia and Alaska they also feed on spawning salmon. [25] However, it becomes increasingly fragmented or absent in other regions. American black bear meat had historically been held in high esteem among North America's indigenous people and colonists. Adult Weight: Males: up to 500 pounds common, depending upon age, season, and food. Length: Five to six feet long. [57][page needed] American black bears that live in northern coastal regions (especially the Pacific Coast) will fish for salmon during the night, as their black fur is easily spotted by salmon in the daytime. It is the continent's smallest and most widely distributed bear species. They reach sexual maturity at the age of three years and attain their full growth at the age of five years. Tongue-clicking and grunting are the most common sounds and are made in cordial situations to conspecifics, offspring and occasionally humans. 3) On average, adult females … American black bears are reproductively compatible with several other bear species and occasionally produce hybrid offspring. [115], At least one jaguar (Panthera onca) has been recorded to have attacked and eaten a black bear: "El Jefe", the jaguar famous for being the first jaguar seen in the United States in over a century. Although found in the largest numbers in wild, undisturbed areas and rural regions, American black bears can adapt to surviving in some numbers in peri-urban regions, as long as they contain easily accessible foods and some vegetative coverage. But even a 600-pound bear isn't too uncommon. [65] Females have been shown to be pickier in their choice of dens in comparison to males. As the fawns reach 10 days of age, they can outmaneuver the bears and their scent is soon ignored until the next year. The time that American black bears emerge from hibernation varies. SIZE Black bears are the largest land mammal in New Jersey. [39] Adult American black bears in Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge in east-central Alaska were found to average 87.3 kg (192 lb) in males and 63.4 kg (140 lb) in females, whereas on Kuiu Island in southeast Alaska (where nutritious salmon are readily available) adult American black bears averaged an estimated 115 kg (254 lb). Within these northern forest types are early successional areas important for American black bears, such as fields of brush, wet and dry meadows, high tidelands, riparian areas and a variety of mast-producing hardwood species. [117][page needed] In the mythology of the Haida, Tlingit and Tsimshian people of the Northwest Coast, mankind first learned to respect bears when a girl married the son of a black bear chieftain. However, on occasions where they encounter Kodiak or grizzly bears, the larger two brown subspecies dominate them. [89] The footpads peel off while they sleep, making room for new tissue. At birth, cubs weigh 225 to 330 grams (7 to 11 ounces). [125] Attempts to relocate American black bears are typically unsuccessful, as the bears seem able to return to their home range, even without familiar landscape cues. Females measure from 130 to 190 centimeters (50 to 75 inches) and weigh 40 to 80 kilograms (90 to 175 pounds). Bear hunting had been banned in New Jersey for five years before that time. The vestigial tail is usually 4.8 inches (120 mm) long. [44], There is at least one record of an American black bear killing a wolverine (Gulo gulo) in a dispute over food in Yellowstone National Park. Spring weights would be less, but bears haven't put on a lot of weight by June. Adult male The paws of the species are relatively large, with a rear foot length of 13.7 to 22.5 cm (5.4 to 8.9 in), which is proportionately larger than other medium-sized bear species, but much smaller than the paws of large adult brown, and especially polar, bears. [76] Flooding of dens after birth may also occasionally kill newborn cubs. [63] Despite their name, American black bears show a great deal of color variation. Individual coat colors can range from white, blonde, cinnamon, light brown or dark chocolate brown to jet black, with many intermediate variations existing. This is believed to be due to a paucity of edible plant life in this sub-Arctic region and a local lack of competing large carnivores (including other bear species). A black bear baby weighs between one half to one pound at birth. With unlimited habitat and food supply, like when the first settlers arrived, bears were often much larger and more dangerous. 4 year 37 lbs. Mexico is the only country where the American black bear is classified as "endangered". [41] They move in a rhythmic, sure-footed way and can run at speeds of 25 to 30 miles per hour (40 to 48 km/h). This medium-sized bear is usually black with a brown muzzle, lacks a shoulder hump, and often has a white patch on the chest. Understanding the physiology of bears in the wild is vital to the bear's success in captivity. Black bears are large - They have erect, rounded ears; a long, narrow, brown muzzle; and a short tail. Black Bear Woman's children, in turn, killed Grizzly Bear Woman's children. "Spring weight changes in black bears in northcentral Minnesota: the negative foraging period revisited". [30][31], Surveys taken from 35 states in the early 1990s indicate that American black bears are either stable or increasing, except in Idaho and New Mexico. Further north, they may not be seen until late March, April, or even early May. These reductions in metabolic rate and heart rate do not appear to decrease the bear's ability to heal injuries during hibernation. These tremarctine bears evolved from bears that had emigrated from Asia to North America 7–8 ma. Public Approves of Bear Hunt", Wildlifeinformation.org: American Black Bear Conservation Action Plan. [65], The majority of the American black bear's animal diet consists of insects, such as bees, yellow jackets, ants and their larvae. Found in the northern section of the island, but it occasionally will appear in the suburbs of the, This page was last edited on 5 January 2021, at 15:33. 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