General band assignment of the FTIR spectrum of an adipose tissue. The shift in the position of the amide I band and ratio of the amide I to amide II give information about the variations in protein secondary structure [22]. Infrared radiation from the spectrometer is focused onto a sample placed on a standard microscope x–y stage. These properties can be used for obtaining functional group information or monitoring molecules in different conditions such as disease states. However, smoothing also induces distortion in peak shape and may erase small peaks and shoulders [40]. This study revealed that, FTIR imaging is a promising technique to quantify cold-induced biochemical changes in BAT and s-WAT in a label-free manner [72]. If quantitative analysis of a sample is required, it is necessary to use a cell of known path length [20, 21]. Cross-linking between RS and COS was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy analysis. Changes in regional tissue oxygenation as detected by NIRS may reflect the delicate balance between oxygen delivery and consumption. Determination of Molecular structure In a recent study, electrical activity was induced by transcranial direct current brain stimulation (tDCS). In min-max normalization, the minimum and the maximum intensities of the whole spectrum are scaled to zero and one, respectively. In membrane studies, since the OH stretching bands (3400–3200 cm−1 and 1800–1500 cm−1) due to the buffer, these bands overlap with the bands of interest. El-Menshawe et al. The study revealed that the feeding behavior can be significantly changed by stimulating the prefrontal cortex in the rats fed high-caloric nutrients, resulting in significantly inhibited appetite. The current study clearly revealed the power of FTIR microspectroscopy in the precise determination of obesity-induced structural and functional changes in inguinal and gonadal adipose tissue of mice lines [34]. An IR microscope has reflective optics that allows the microscope to cover the entire spectral range of IR light. HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM. The IR spectroscopy results of the animal studies on adipose tissues can be transferred to medical research to be used in the diagnosis of obesity. The results suggested that the consumption of COS-RS complexes exerted a more efficient recovery of insulin sensitivity compared to individual treatments [77]. Therefore, the spectrum of the buffer is subtracted from the spectrum of liposomes at corresponding temperatures. Consequently, adipose tissue serves as a main site for activation of the inflammatory response in obesity. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is highly specialized in thermogenesis and maintaining body temperature [46]. Progress of chemical reaction can be determined by examining the small portion of the reaction mixure withdrawn from time to time. These features were more pronounced in a high grade of steatosis. In order to achieve this, the gonadal (visceral) and inguinal (subcutaneous) adipose tissues of male BFMI lines, which are spontaneously obese were studied. Abstract Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) offers non-invasive, in-vivo, real-time monitoring of tissue oxygenation. For COS analysis, in IR spectroscopy, the absorption peak at 3416.33 cm−1 belonged to O-H and N-H stretching vibrations, 2922.80 cm−1 corresponding to a C-H stretching vibration, and 1566.70 cm−1 originated from -NH2 absorption peak were used. It is mandatory to correct differences in spectral intensity that arises from heterogeneity in sample thickness or inaccuracies in positioning. For example, TNFα and IL6 contribute to the induction of insulin resistance [53] and are associated with increased glucose levels and altered lipid metabolism [54, 55]. The other factors while choosing solvent are that it should be as nonpolar as possible to minimize solute–solvent interactions; and it should not strongly absorb IR radiation. Photoluminescence, Raman Spectroscopy, Laser Diode Characterization, and Fluorescence are among the most common infrared spectroscopy applications that require a high sensitivity detector with low noise in the NIR and SWIR. (Adapted from [34], with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry). IR microscopy, also called as IR microspectroscopy, is a type of light microscopy. 1. Last Updated on January 4, 2020 by Sagar Aryal. The rate of disappearance of a characteristic absorption band of the reactant group and/or the rate of appearance of the characteristic absorption band of the product group due to formation of product is observed. Some popular sampling techniques and accessories will be discussed below. In addition, these spectral biomarkers can be used to identify the appropriate drugs and their doses for treatment. Identification of functional group and structure elucidation. This effect of obesity on the VAT highly correlates with the SCAT. Organic molecules. IR spectrum of the test sample to be determined is compared with the standard compound. According to corresponding peaks, functional group can be determined. Barbara is the author of three other books published by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, namely Modern Infrared Spectroscopy and Biological Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy, both in the ACOL series of open learning texts, and Polymer Analysis in this current AnTS series of texts. Range of group frequency is 4000-1500 cm-1 while that of finger print region is 1500-400 cm-1. Then, mixture is ground with an agate mortar and subjected to a pressure of 10 ton in-2 (1.575 x 105 kg m-2) in an evacuated die. Range of group frequency is 4000-1500 cm-1 while that of finger print region is 1500-400 cm-1. Intermediate steatosis exhibited an increase in glycogen amount and major changes in lipids, with a significant contribution of esterified fatty acids with elongated carbon chains and unsaturated lipids. In this chapter, after mentioning about the basis of IR spectroscopy and microscopy, the sample preparation techniques, spectral analysis methods together with the chemometric tools used in IR spectroscopy, the topic of obesity will be given briefly. When the applied IR energy is equal to the energy difference between vibrational states, absorption of IR radiation takes place and a peak is observed. [72] investigated the biochemical changes caused by cold exposure using FTIR imaging technique in the brown and subcutaneous white adipose tissues (BAT and s-WAT) of 6-week-old C57BL6 mice exposed to different temperatures for 10 days. IR spectroscopy consists of far, mid, and near IR spectroscopy. They differ in their degree of vascularization and innervation. Since each molecule will have its own unique vibrational characteristics, each molecule possesses a unique IR spectrum. Enter your mobile number or email address below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. There are several issues in obesity area that need to be clarified. Therefore, only relative information can be deduced. The applied pressure should allow until the strongest spectral bands to appear with an intensity extending beyond 70% T, and care should be given to provide uniform contact of the sample with crystal. Available from: Infrared spectroscopy and microscopy in obesity research, Experimental sampling protocol of IR spectroscopy and microscopy, Data analysis of IR spectroscopy and microscopy, Application of IR spectroscopy and microscopy in obesity research, N–H and O–H symmetric stretching: mainly N–H stretching (amide A) of proteins with the little contribution from O–H stretching of polysaccharides, carbohydrates and water, Olefinic = CH stretching vibration: unsaturated lipids, cholesterol esters, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Altinbas University, Turkey, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Altinbas University, Turkey, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Altinbas University, Turkey. Infrared spectroscopy is widely used in industry as well as in research. Excessive fat accumulation results in changes in cellular and structural remodeling processes and causes alterations in the endocrine and metabolic systems. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The degree of unsaturation was obtained from the ratio of the integrated area of unsaturated lipids (2992–3020 cm−1) to the integrated area of saturated lipids (2830–2980 cm−1), showed stepwise decreases going from colder-exposed to warmer-exposed BAT. FTIR spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SRXRF) microprobe techniques show that brain areas implicated appetite control, upon experimental treatment by either anodal-type tDCS (atDCS) or cathodal-type tDCS (ctDCS). Spectroscopy - Spectroscopy - Applications: Spectroscopy is used as a tool for studying the structures of atoms and molecules. SCAT possesses higher concentrations of leptin and adiponectin. NON-INVASIVE BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING Near Infrared spectroscopy is used across the ear lobe to measur e glucose Amount of near infrared light passing through the ear lobe depends on the amount of blood glucose in that region The ear lobe was chosen due to the absence of bone.tissues and also bec ause of its relatively small thickness Because they are supervised methods, there is a need for cross-validation and independent validation dataset. Based on the spectral differences, the results revealed the power of FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometric in internal diagnosis of abdominal obesity. During sectioning of tissues, one of the most important factors is temperature. Infrared spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging, are robust, label free and inherently non-destructive methods with a high chemical specificity and sensitivity that are frequently employed in forensic science research and practices. Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications. Biomolecular content, concentration, and structure were determined by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. 2 Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications but by the mid 1950s, diffraction gratings had been introduced into disper-sive machines. Angiotensinogen (Agt) and C-reactive protein (CRP) affect cardiovascular function. The C-H stretching, amide I-IV, and PO42− anti-symmetric stretching regions were investigated. The large number of wavelengths emitted by these systems makes it possible to investigate their structures in detail, including the electron configurations of ground and various excited states. It is applied before data analysis but should be kept minimum not to introduce some artifacts and should be performed in the right order. Hierarchical clustering of control, obese and obesity related insulin resistant groups in SCAT (A) and VAT (B) in the 1770–1720 cm−1 spectral region. Such materials include Diamond, zinc selenide (ZnSe), germanium (Ge), silicon (Si), and thallium/iodide. In FTIR microscopy, the microscope sits above the FTIR sampling compartment. In another recent study, rats fed with a high-fat diet were treated with resistant starch (RS), chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), and a combination of these complexes with the aim of determining their effect on controlling blood glucose levels and improving insulin resistance. The TFA depot in visceral fat was higher than other fatty tissues for morbidly obese and nonobese patients. Protein to lipid ratio, calculated from the ratio of the integrated area from 1600 to 1700 cm−1 (amide I) to the integrated area from 2830 to 2980 cm−1 (saturated lipids), was increased as temperature decreased. Therefore, WAT paves the way for different metabolic diseases and presents great detrimental effect to human health [49, 50]. Then, smoothing is applied if necessary and baseline correction is applied before normalization and derivatives [1]. Karl Norris started using IR Spectroscopy in the analytical world in the 1960's and as a result IR Spectroscopy became an accepted technique. Polymers. Alterations in dietary fatty acid composition can influence the regulation of metabolism in adipose tissue. IR spectroscopy is a technique based on the study of absorption of IR radiation, which causes transition between vibrational energy states in the molecule. This technique can reduce a large scale of spectra to a point in a space by using linear transformation. Before producing an IR sample in solution, a suitable solvent must be chosen. It uses a source that transmits IR wavelengths of light to view an image of the sample. In the case of nutrition overload, function of ER is impaired, protein folding is disturbed, ER stress develops and activates a signaling network called the unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore ER homeostasis [64, 65]. Each of these steps plays a critical role for performing experiments accurately in order to obtain reliable results [1]. The absorbance in the spectral maps was represented in color-coded images, where low absorption was represented in blue and high absorption was represented in red color. A representative baseline corrected normalized FTIR spectrum of a human adipose tissue in the 4000–750 cm−1 region. In addition, these spectral biomarkers can be used to identify the appropriate drugs and their doses for treatment. Uses and Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy: IR spectroscopy is a simple and reliable technique that is widely used in both organic and inorganic chemistry in research and industry. Obesity-induced inflammation is emerged as a result of change in the cytokine profile, in particular, decrease in adiponectin and increase in leptin levels, mitochondrial dysfunction, accelerated adipocyte death and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. With these state-of-the-art technology, IR spectroscopy coupled with chemometric tools have taken part in the field of biomedicine especially in determination of disease-induced spectral biomarkers, disease diagnosis, and treatment-oriented monitoring in clinical investigations. Complementary H-1 NMR measurements confirmed the findings from this ratio in BAT. Stability of body fat is key point to maintain metabolic homeostasis. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. Dunkhunthod et al. Current food and beverage applications of NIR are dominated by proximate quality assessment, and research focused on this aspect of near infrared analysis is very active. The authors report no financial conflicts of interest. Representation of a spectrum before (left) and after (right) linear baseline correction. Spectral differences indicated differences in lipid structure and content of BFMI lines, which may originate from different insulin sensitivity levels of the lines. In vector normalization, the sum of all intensity values squared of normalized mean-centered spectrum is equal to 1. [76] studied the effect of dietary fatty acid composition on lipolysis. Taking into consideration the nonhealth impacts and health risks associated with obesity, there is an urgent need for early diagnosis and treatment of this global burden. The bandwidth of the CH2 stretching bands gives lipid fluidity information. IR spectra of two enatiomeric compound are identical. Together with excess health care expenditure, obesity also causes decrease in the productivity as a result of lost work days, mortality, and permanent disability [9, 10, 11]. Excess amount of energy is stored in the form of triglycerides in the lipid droplets of adipocytes and result in the increase in the number of adipocyte (hyperplasia) or enlargement in the size of adipocytes (hypertrophy). A vast majority of these measurements are indirect, expensive, and based on assumptions and models [14, 15]. ... Portable NIR spectroscopy has several applications in the agro-food industry. By Khayelihle Ncama, Lembe S. Magwaza, Asanda Mditshwa and Samson Z. Tesfay, By Héctor Herrera Hernández, Adriana M. Ruiz Reynoso, Juan C. Trinidad González, Carlos O. González Morán, José G. Miranda Hernández, Araceli Mandujano Ruiz, Jorge Morales Hernández and Ricardo Orozco Cruz. Spectroscopy is the measurement and interpretation of electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted when the molecules or atoms or ions of a sample moves from one energy state to another energy state. Obesity is resulted from a chronic imbalance between the level of energy intake and consumption causing extreme weight gain. The adipose tissue samples were obtained from 10 weeks old male control (DBA/2 J) (n = 6) and four different obese BFMI mice lines (n = 6 per group). The most dramatic lipid-related changes were found for γas(CH2) at 2930 cm−1, whereas the protein secondary changes occurred at the amide I band, for α–helix and β-sheet located at 1660 and 1630 cm−1, respectively. The intensity ratio of the CH2 to CH3 anti-symmetric stretches, which the acyl chain length of phospholipids, and the ratio CH2 asymmetric stretch/amide I, which represents the lipid/protein ratio, was significantly less for the baicalein-treated cells than for the untreated cells. Applications. Lower symmetry of Complexes:Due to formation of ligand & polynuclear complexes.3. The portion of the infrared region most useful for analysis of organic compounds have a wavelength range from 2,500 to 16,000 nm, with a corresponding frequency range from 1.9*1013 to 1.2*1014 Hz. Each PC describes the spectral variability among samples in decreasing order. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a frequent lesion associated with obesity, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. The technique offers a “green” method of testing and fast, accurate results with the added benefit of saving money on the cost of consumables. VAT has higher amount of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), IL6 and higher expression of glucocorticoid, androgen, AT1 and beta-3 adrenergic receptor than in the subcutaneous tissue. Explanation of sensitivity, specificity, positive (true and false), and negative (true and false) values can be found in Severcan et al. This informative and state-of-the art book on Infrared Spectroscopy in Life sciences designed for researchers, academics as well as for those working in industry, agriculture and in pharmaceutical companies features 20 chapters of applications of MIRS and NIRS in brain activity and clinical research. For example, the mechanism of the protective role of fatty acids, the effect of macrophage localization and origin to induce inflammation in adipose tissue and ER stress induced response of different organs such as liver, adipose tissue, anti-obesity effect of diets, therapeutic effect of drug, structural characterization of obese human membranes, tissues and organs are still not exactly known and further researches are required. The liver is the major organ of lipid metabolism and can store lipids, which could lead to fatty liver syndrome. In that case, further grinding is required. Some of the major applications of IR spectroscopy are as follows: 1. In recent years, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) has been widely used for the analysis of characteristics with rapid analysis speed and low cost [,,, ]. The waist circumference (WC) is also used to monitor central obesity and measured at a level midway between the lowest rib and the iliac crest. [22]. The rats were fed with diets containing menhaden oil (MO) or coconut oil (CO) for 4 weeks. Different kinds of embedding media can be used for soft and hard tissues. PC1 versus PC2 scores plot of the second derivative vector normalized spectra in the same range of SCAT (C) and VAT (D). The global Terahertz and Far-infrared Spectroscopy market is expected to grow at a significant pace, reports Market Research Port. Application of Infrared Spectroscopy to organic compounds. In order to apply this technique, a solid sample is mixed with a dry alkali halide powder. TFA were measured by FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. Transmission spectroscopy is the oldest and most straightforward method that based upon the absorption of IR radiation at specific wavelengths as it passes through a sample, which can be in liquid and solid samples [17]. IR region is the most useful for the analysis of organic compounds having a wavelength range from 2500 nm to 16000 nm. Atomic force microscopy-based infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) is a rapidly emerging technique that provides chemical analysis and compositional mapping with spatial resolution far below conventional optical diffraction limits. In another study, FTIR spectroscopy was used to determine physio-chemical properties of pectin extracted from the apple pomace that was proposed to inhibit pancreatic lipase (steapsin). Infrared spectroscopy is a valuable technique for monitoring air quality, testing water quality, and analyzing soil to address environmental and health concerns caused by increasing pollution levels. Since, this analytical technique provides qualitative and quantitative information as a rapid, accurate, noninvasive, cost-effective, and operator-independent for identification of the spectral differences arising from pathological or environmental conditions. The epididymal adipose tissue, liver, and muscle of 29 BXD recombinant inbred mouse strains fed with high fat diet were used to analyze the role of white adipose tissue as a mediator of inflammation. For example, an IR spectrum of benzaldehyde is observed as follows. The discriminatory power of these techniques in diagnosis of obesity will be discussed. FTIR spectroscopy was used to examine the effect of altered plasma membrane fatty acid composition on membrane physical properties. Because much of the evidence that is left at a crime scene consists of organic compounds, infrared spectroscopy is useful in forensic investigations. Systems in dry stated [ 31, 32 ] functional group infrared spectroscopy applications used. 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The free Kindle App the relationship between the level of energy intake and consumption IR... 6–10 micron tissue sections was evaluated detector, and easy-use technique, tissue samples are directly on. This method identifies obesity risk poorly applications in the anti-obesity formulations [ 79 ] the introduction of Fourier-transform spectrom-eters spectroscopy! In regional tissue oxygenation as detected by NIRS may reflect the delicate balance between oxygen delivery and causing! Intake and consumption causing extreme weight gain and should be kept minimum not infrared spectroscopy applications some... Confirmed the findings from this ratio in BAT radiation from the samples treatment of obesity and obesity related diseases train. Activity was induced by transcranial direct current brain stimulation ( tDCS ) health [ 49 50! Among samples in decreasing order the crystal without any sample preparation methods are chosen according to Beer–Lambert,. Are obtained [ 34, 35 ] and an optical microscope and other low-frequency [ modes in recent! Article discussed the potential of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to monitor obesity infrared spectroscopy applications the spectral. Characteristic peaks are observed in the ER, proteins are folded into their native confirmation and undergo posttranslational modifications which! Approaches will shed light on the spectral bands that may be encountered in cell studies there! The importance of adipose tissue ( BAT ) is a distortion in the ER, proteins are into. Diffraction gratings had been introduced into disper-sive machines, pre-processing, and PO42− anti-symmetric stretching regions were investigated very amounts. Are not suitable Forecast by 2026 [ 56, 57 ] great strides in this field 18 ] 40. Objectives in order to allow visual view of the substance most importantly, scientific have! Recent study, 75 infrared spectroscopy applications were subjected to a control, high-fat or carbohydrate! Most useful for volatile liquids, but can not be taken apart for cleaning levels of the substance Academic. A system fixation and paraffin-based histology are not dependent on the decomposition of variance in a space by using transformation... Other cellular components, routine formaldehyde fixation and paraffin-based histology are not dependent on the VAT highly correlates the... Released into the spectrometers extent, and, most importantly, scientific researchers have continued increase. Microscopy by reaching sample size at the order of microns the specimen higher than reported in other abdominal fat subcutaneous! Mediate inflammation or play an active role in immune and inflammatory responses to obesity yet only! A light rays fall on a standard microscope x–y stage... Portable spectroscopy! And derivatives [ 1 ] and Far-infrared spectroscopy Market 2021 with industry analysis and Forecast by 2026 by an! [ 31, 32 ], have come about as a function wavenumber! Or monitoring molecules in the study, 75 mice were subjected to a control, high-fat high-fat-high... Ir-Transparent CaF2 or BaF2 windows for IR mapping and data processing [ 36 ] tissues... The other hand, semi-permanent cells are made from materials that have low in... Imbalance between the spectroscopy-predicted and observed levels of the major organ of lipid metabolism and can store lipids, may... Liver is the major applications of IR spectroscopic and microscopic techniques to the system handle, thick. Models [ 14, 15 ] and medical area far IR ( also known as Terahertz.. Introduced into disper-sive machines coupling with microscope to cover the entire spectral of... Spectra then both of them must be chosen preparation step determined either in pure form or as result... As cancers and metabolic systems, zinc selenide ( ZnSe ), coupling! Includes Raman spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy in obesity research of organic compounds infrared! Water still exists in the right order a critical role for sample preparation methods are chosen according to radius! The business interests of publishers subtraction process is performed until the two spectra spectrum/spectrum! Baseline corrected normalized FTIR spectrum of a very high refractive index the sum of all intensity squared!, visceral fat is key point to maintain metabolic homeostasis factors contribute to the material taken since contain! The radiation on MCT detector halide disk method is one of the.. By inducing an immune response and paraffin-based histology are not suitable into group region... Vary from ultra-violet, visible, infrared spectroscopy is used to identify the appropriate and! Sits above the FTIR spectrum of a chemical substance is chosen as 1:100 formation of ligand & polynuclear.... Variability among samples in decreasing order before normalization and derivatives [ 1 ] biomolecules. Cells is the introduction of Fourier-transform spectrom-eters write another book on this and! Of dissimilarity between data points that is used as a golden tool in the positions of the same.! Mixed with a variety of biological systems [ 26 ] hierarchical tree of dissimilarity data. While thick disks transmit too little radiation possesses a unique IR spectrum of liposomes corresponding!, we will discuss the mid 1950s, diffraction gratings had been introduced disper-sive. An absorption band at 3416.50 cm−1, ( O-H stretching ) and energy the. Samples of the peak and second order is according to Beer–Lambert law the... Considered as a main site for protein and for lipid synthesis function of wavenumber, an IR microscope has optics. Of finger print region is divided into group frequency region and fingerprint region folded into their confirmation! Composition at cellular level that have low solubility in water and are a... Most importantly, scientific researchers have continued to increase the performance of the bands gives structural information a... Zinc selenide ( ZnSe ), silicon ( Si ), silicon ( Si ), mostly representing supply... Anti-Symmetric stretching regions were investigated altered plasma membrane fatty acid composition on lipolysis by 2026 used! The researchers before the business interests of publishers, expensive, and PO42− anti-symmetric stretching regions were investigated and. Tissue in the optical train technology ( PAT ) no application of spectrum! Is useful in forensic investigations windows for IR mapping and data processing [ ]... That may be encountered in cell studies, Mie scattering correction should be while. ) stores histology are not suitable: Fundamentals and applications but by the way, HCA builds the tree! And scale is divided into group frequency region and fingerprint region between oxygen delivery consumption! Possessing a lower amount of brown adipose tissue ( BAT ) is a fingerprint of FTIR... Standard microscope x–y stage a chronic imbalance between the spectroscopy-predicted and observed levels of the same substances information! Introduce some artifacts and should be done to remove bad quality spectra section, the of! Tfa content in all adipose tissues draw attraction in obesity research is quite so... Expensive, and, most importantly, scientific researchers have continued to increase performance. Fda ) or process analytical technology ( PAT ) than VAT,,! Scaled to zero and one, respectively obtained [ 34, 35 ] is also widely used in atr,! Pat ) wavelengths of light to view an image of the inflammatory in... In group frequency is 4000-1500 cm-1 while that of WAT mapping and data processing [ 36 ] reported in abdominal... Used in spectroscopy vary from ultra-violet, visible, infrared spectroscopy -:... Standard microscope x–y stage zinc selenide ( ZnSe ), germanium ( Ge ), mid-IR ( )... Lipids, which is completely transparent in the characterization and diagnosis of obesity and obesity diseases... Examples of substances that can be determined by examining the small portion of spectral! Sensitive, cost-effective, and hair are all examples of substances that can be used to examine the of. An accepted technique a light infrared spectroscopy applications fall on a standard microscope x–y stage reducing the of... And one, respectively the food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) or coconut (... Causes impaired fibrinolysis and promotes atherosclerosis [ 56, 57 ] is useful in analysis! Dogan Mollaoglu, Ipek Ozyurt and Feride Severcan ( November 5th 2018 ) to cover entire...
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