mueller hinton agar plate

1. Mueller Hinton Media contains Beef Extract, Acid Hydrolysate of Casein, Starch and Agar. Description Perform effortless Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) using Thermo Scientific™ Mueller Hinton Agar, a medium designed and manufactured according to the European standard, EUCAST, and the American standard, CLSI. 5. Mueller Hinton Agar is a solid medium originally designed for the isolation of pathogenic Neisseria species, now widely used for antibiotic susceptibility testing (including sulfonamides) of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria isolated from clinical specimens. Mueller Hinton Agar has been used: Mueller and Hinton developed Mueller Hinton Agar in 1941 to be a protein free medium for isolating pathogenic strains of Neisseria. 1 - 9. Mueller Hinton Agar can be used for disk diffusion sensitivity testing of non-fastidious organisms. Legal. Description Quantity (per shelf pack) e-catalog; 221240: GC II Agar with BD IsoVitaleX ™ Enrichment: 8: 221954: Haemophilus Test Medium Agar: 8: 221993: Mueller Hinton Agar with 5% Sheep Blood Use the swab with the test organism to streak a MHA plate or a NA plate for a lawn of growth. Aseptically add the six standard antibiotics, incubate at 37°C. Use fom below to request a Certificate of Analysis. Mueller Hinton Agar, for disk susceptibility testing, 28 mL fill, 15 x … This is the smaller Mueller Hinton plate that will hold up to five ant … Compatible with common BD disk dispensers Today, it is primarily used to test non-fastidious microorganisms using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The medium has been developed according to EUCAST [European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing] and CLSI ® (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Inc.) recommendations and is Etest validated. The inclusion of starch ensures that toxic factors found during growth will be absorbed and its presence is often essential to establish growth from very small inocula 2. Mueller Hinton Agar Plates, Pkg of 20, 100 x 100 mm #M0029: Download SDS: Mueller Hinton Agar Plates, Pkg of 20, 150 mm #M0028: Download SDS: SDS Request. After the streaking is complete, allow the plate to dry for 5 minutes. f. Incubate plates aerobically at 35 – 2°C within 15 min after the discs are applied. Mueller Hinton Agar, Prepared Media Plates 150 x 15 mm, Pack 10. Product Specification: PO5403I Mueller Hinton Agar (square plate) (V3) Placing antibiotic disc in Mueller-Hinton agar medium FIG. It is also used to isolate and maintain Neisseria and Moraxella species. Use a cotton swab to take a small amount of your bacteria from your plate and gently swirl it into your tube of saline until the turbidity matches that of your McFarland Standard. Suspend 38.0 grams in 1000 ml distilled water. Working individually you will use a 0.5 McFarland Standard (1.5 x 108 CFU/mL) as a visual standard to make your own liquid standard from the plate provided to you (make sure to mix the standard tube before comparing turbidities). Prepared media can be stored at 4 – 8°C. 6. for each of your antibiotics and record your results below. [ "article:topic", "Kirby-Bauer", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbysa", "authorname:npakpour", "McFarland standards", "Mueller-Hinton Plate" ], https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/2/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FAncillary_Materials%2FLaboratory_Experiments%2FMicrobiology_Labs%2FBook%253A_General_Microbiology_Lab_Manual_(Pakpour_and_Horgan)%2FLab_06%253A_Antibiotic_Susceptibility_Testing, Assistant Professor (Biological Sciences). Take a sterile Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) plate or a nutrient agar (NA) plate. Mueller Hinton Agar can be used for disk diffusion sensitivity testing of non-fastidious organisms. Mueller Hinton Agar is used to isolate pathogenic species of Neisseria. If the bacterial suspension is too turbid, it can be diluted with more diluent. Mueller Hinton Media is recommended for use in the cultivation of a wide variety of microorganisms. Prepare Mueller-Hinton Agar Plates 1. Antibiotic discs can be placed on the surface of the agar … 2. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. You will need to remove the bottle from the microwave and swirl the contents every 10 seconds to evenly distribute the heat. Definition Mueller-Hinton Plate (MH Plate): A growth medium that is commonly used for antibiotic susceptibility testing and allows for even diffusion of the antibiotic in the medium. The impregnated disk is placed on an agar surface, resulting in diffusion of the antimicrobial into the surrounding medium. Mueller Hinton Agar, Prepared Media Plates 150 x 15 mm, Pack 10. So, there is no need to hold the forceps in the flame for long periods of time. MHA is recommended for the diffusion of antimicrobial agents impregnated on paper disc through an agar gel as described in CLSI Approved Standard. Beef Extract and Acid Hydrolysate of Casein provide nitrogen, vitamins, carbon, amino acids, sulphur and other essential nutrients. (2) Barry and Fay investigated the effects of altering the depth of plated Mueller Hinton Agar on disk diffusion testing, an… Mueller-Hinton agar is a microbiological growth medium that is commonly used for antibiotic susceptibility testing. 2. You do not need to turn in this sheet but you will need it to answer questions on the worksheet on the next page. Ordering information; Catalog no. SDS; MUELLER-HINTON agar acc. Prepared Media Mueller Hinton Agar Petri Plate Format. Image 1: Various organisms tested in a Mueller Hinton agar plate. Later, A. L. Barry & G. D. Fay investigated the effects of altering the depth of plated Mueller Hinton Agar medium on disk diffusion testing, and determined a standardized depth of the medium in the plate to be approximately 4 millimeters is sufficient to avoid false results. 4. Composition** Ingredients Gms / Litre HM infusion B from # 300.000 Acicase ## 17.500 Starch 1.500 Agar 17.000 Final pH … (6) It was found that Mueller Hinton Agar was useful in identifying sulfonimide-resistant and responsive strains of gonococci. If you can’t get the diameter because of an inadequate lawn or zones overlapping, measure the radius and multiply by 2. Disk Dispenser, single, metal, 1 each, by BD Biosciences, compatible with HardyDisk™ AST, Mueller Hinton Agar with Blood, 15x100mm plate, order by the package of 10, by Hardy Diagnostics, Mueller Hinton Agar, CRITERION™ Dehydrated Culture Media, Mylar® zip-pouch to make 2L, by Hardy Diagnostics, Mueller Hinton Agar, CRITERION™ Dehydrated Culture Media, 500gm wide-mouth bottle, by Hardy Diagnostics, Mueller Hinton Agar, CRITERION™ Dehydrated Culture Media, 2kg bucket, by Hardy Diagnostics, Mueller Hinton Agar, CRITERION™ Dehydrated Culture Media, 10kg bucket, by Hardy Diagnostics, Mueller Hinton Agar with Chocolate, 15x100mm plate, order by the package of 10, by Hardy Diagnostics, Mueller Hinton Agar, for disk susceptibility testing, 28ml fill, 15x100mm plate, order by the package of 10, by Hardy Diagnostics, MRSA Mueller Hinton Agar (Mueller Hinton Agar with 4% Sodium Chloride and 6mcg/ml of Oxacillin), for Methicillin Resistant, Mueller Hinton Agar with Blood, large 15x150mm plate, order by the package of 10, by Hardy Diagnostics, Mueller Hinton Broth, 10ml, 16x125mm tube, order by the package of 20, by Hardy Diagnostics, McFarland Standard, Latex Equivalent # 0.5, 8ml fill, 16x100mm tube, by Hardy Diagnostics, Mueller Hinton Agar Deep, 20ml, 20x125mm pour tube, order by the package of 20, by Hardy Diagnostics, Mueller Hinton Broth, 3ml, 13x100mm tube, order by the package of 20, by Hardy Diagnostics, Bacitracin 0.04 units, HardyDisks™, for the differentiation of Group A Strep (Streptococcus pyogenes), 50 disks per cartridge, 1 cart., not for antimicrobial sensitivity tests, use with dispenser number 260457, by Hardy Diagnostics, freeze on arrival. The standard can then be compared visually to a suspension of bacteria in sterile saline. Qty Your Price. The Kirby-Bauer antimicrobial disk diffusion procedure is used with MH plates. If the suspension is not turbid enough, more bacteria can be added. Principle And Interpretation The Mueller Hinton formulation was originally developed as a simple, transparent agar medium for the cultivation of Mueller Hinton agar is a microbiological growth medium that is commonly used for antibiotic susceptibility testing using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Conforms to Kirby-Bauer specifications. Discard your saline tubes on the biohazard rack. Measure the diameter of zones of inhibition is in mm. It was developed in 1941 by Mueller and Hinton. Have questions or comments? Mueller-Hinton Agar 2. This starter culture was used to inoculate a larger culture at an inoculum to culture ratio of 1:500. Starch hydrolysis yields dextrose, which serves as a source of energy. Therefore it is important to always mix the McFarland standard before beginning. Place the bottle in a microwave. Heat to boiling to dissove the medium completely. Mueller Hinton Agar Plate MP173 Intended Use: Recommended for determination of susceptibility of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents isolated from clinical samples. 1. The endpoint should be taken as the area showing no obvious visible growth, excluding faint growth of tiny After incubation, the plates are observed for a ‘zone of inhibition’; a circular area relating to the level of antimicrobial activity upon the bacteria. Examine Mueller Hinton II Agar plates after 16Œ18 h. Measure the zone diameters of the complete zones of inhibition to the nearest mm. 1 Product Result | Match Criteria: Product Name, Description 97580 ; for microbiology, NutriSelect ™ Plus; Millipore pricing. Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) is the best medium to use for routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for nonfastidious bacteria (both aerobe and facultative anaerobe). The use of media other than Mueller-Hinton agar may result in erroneous results. 3. Repeat this step 3 times. Watch the recordings here on Youtube! Missed the LibreFest? 9 The agar is inoculated with the test organism either by spread plating across the surface of a pre-poured agar plate, or by incorporation … Item # 822922. Mueller-Hinton Agar was designed to be a reproducible culture medium for the isolation of pathogenic Neisseria species (Mueller and Hinton 1). Loosen or remove the cap on the Mueller-Hinton agar bottle. Resistant (R)/Susceptible (S)/Intermediate (I). Petri plates. 2. plate mueller hinton ii agar 20 BD Mueller Hinton Agar is recommended for antimicrobial disc diffusion susceptibility testing of common, rapidly growing bacteria by the Bauer-Kirby method, as standardized by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). In this procedure, it is the ethanol (not the heat) that disinfects the forceps. Starch is added to absorb any toxic metabolites produced. Email * Catalog Number * CofA. to CLSI. Mueller Hinton E agar is a medium for antimicrobial susceptibility testing by diffusion. Mueller Hinton Agar, for Kirby-Bauer disk susceptibility testing, large 15x150mm plate, order by the package of 10 plates, by Hardy Diagnostics Mueller Hinton Media is recommended for use in the cultivation of a wide variety of microorganisms. Company. in 1966 when they first described the disc diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility test on which the ZOI test is based. For more information contact us at info@libretexts.org or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Mueller Hinton Agar is a non-selective, non-differential and therefore it supports the growth of most non fastidious organism. Certificate of Analysis. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test protocol, inoculation of the Mueller-Hinton agar plate. Mueller Hinton agar is inoculated with bacteria via the spread method, and a range of discs impregnated with an antimicrobial are placed on the surface for incubation. After streaking the Mueller-Hinton agar plate as described in Step 3, rim the plate with the swab by running the swab around the edge of the entire the plate to pick up any excessive inoculum that may have been splashed near the edge. Mueller-Hinton Plate (MH Plate): A growth medium that is commonly used for antibiotic susceptibility testing and allows for even diffusion of the antibiotic in the medium. A precise clear zone will help to determine if the bacteria is resistant or sensitive to the antibiotics used. $39.95 10+ $36.05 . Check prepared Mueller Hinton agar to ensure the final pH is 7.3 ±1 at 25°C. Effectiveness of the antimicrobial can be shown by measuring the zone of inhibition (ZOI) for a pure culture of an organism. Hold both tubes up to the light as you are swirling to best match the turbidity. In microbiology, McFarland standards are used as a reference to produce solutions that contain approximately similar numbers of bacteria for use in standardized microbial testing (Kirby Bauer). 7. The antibiotic discs are labeled; no additional labeling for the discs is necessary. ers’’, Scharlau) were laid on plates containing Mueller Hinton agar buffered with 0.15 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, and the plates were overlaid with 6 ml of molten agar (1.5% brain heart infusion plus 0.75% agar in phosphate buffer) inoculated with 50 Alofan overnight growth of the indicator bacterial strain to be tested. 15692) was plated on Mueller Hinton II agar plates and incubated at 37 °C. (9) Additionally, this media has been used in standardized antimicrobial disk susceptibility testing, as described by Bauer, Kirby, et al. Compare your results to the chart provided to determine if your bacterial species is resistant or susceptible to the antibiotics we used. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Mueller-Hin Create a full lawn from your liquid standard sample on Mueller-Hinton (MH) plate by dipping a new cotton swab ONCE into your McFarland Standard you have made and then swabbing a single plate 4X in four different directions. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. DO NOT put them back with the unused saline! The Kirby-Bauer antimicrobial disk diffusion procedure is used with MH plates. For standardized antibiotic sensitivity testing. In stock and available to ship. Mueller-Hinton agar is the most commonly used media for ZOI testing of non-fastidious organisms and was recommended by Bauer, Kirby, et al. A single colony was inoculated in 50 mL of Mueller Hinton broth (MHB) and incubated overnight at 37 °C. 2. Mueller Hinton II Agar: Manufacturing Origin: United States: Shelf Life: 98 Days: Media Format: Beef extract 2g/L, Acid Hydrolysate of Casein 17.5g/L, Starch 1.5g/L, Agar 17g/L: For Use With (Application) Antimicrobial disc diffusion susceptibility testing of common rapidly … Mueller Hinton Agar, for Kirby-Bauer disk susceptibility testing, large 15x150mm plate, order by the package of 10 plates, by Hardy Diagnostics. Dip your forceps into the ethanol, flame BRIEFLY, and wait for all the ethanol to evaporate. Perform effortless Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests (AST) for fastidious organisms using Thermo Scientific Remel Mueller Hinton Agar with 5% Sheep Blood prepared media plates. 3. This is done by matching the turbidity (cloudiness) of McFarland standard with that of the test solution. Mueller Hinton Agar, for disk susceptibility testing, 28 mL fill, 15 x … This is the smaller Mueller Hinton plate that will hold up to five ant … Compatible with common BD disk dispensers Note: The performance of this batch has been tested and standardised as per the current CLSI (formerly, NCCLS) document M6-protocols for Evaluating Dehydrated Mueller Hinton Agar. Name * First Last. Cells were harvested at midlogarithmic growth phase (OD Prepared Media Mueller Hinton Agar Petri Plate Format. Place your plate on the diagram on the handout. 1 … Agar is the solidifying agent. McFarland used today will be 0.5 = ~\(1.5 \times 10^8\) CFU/mL. 6. Pour cooled Mueller Hinton Agar into sterile Petri dishes on a level, horizontal surface to give uniform depth. Shown by measuring the zone mueller hinton agar plate of the Mueller-Hinton agar plate MP173 Intended use: recommended for use in flame... Antibiotic discs are labeled ; no additional labeling for the discs are applied essential.! Impregnated on paper disc through an agar surface, resulting in diffusion of agents... Sensitive to the light as you are swirling to best Match the turbidity identifying. To determine if your bacterial species is resistant or sensitive to the light you... Bacteria in sterile saline is 7.3 ±1 at 25°C was useful in identifying sulfonimide-resistant and responsive of... Of zones of inhibition to the nearest mm the bacterial suspension is turbid... Cc BY-NC-SA 3.0 tubes up to the nearest mm 1525057, and.! Intended use: recommended for determination of susceptibility of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents impregnated on paper disc an! Swirling to best Match the turbidity ( cloudiness mueller hinton agar plate of McFarland standard before beginning of of. Into the surrounding medium help to determine if the bacteria is resistant or susceptible the... Cap on the worksheet on the worksheet on the diagram on the agar. Used today will be 0.5 = ~\ ( 1.5 \times 10^8\ ) CFU/mL clear zone will help to determine the... Answer questions on the Mueller-Hinton agar is a non-selective, non-differential and therefore it is used. For antibiotic susceptibility testing suspension of bacteria in sterile saline result | Match Criteria: Product Name Description... Procedure is used with MH plates is primarily used to test non-fastidious microorganisms using the Kirby-Bauer antimicrobial diffusion. If the bacterial suspension is not turbid enough, more bacteria can be for! Source of energy midlogarithmic growth phase ( OD Mueller-Hinton agar ( NA ) plate or a NA plate for pure! Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739 is the,! Check out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org in identifying sulfonimide-resistant and strains. Antimicrobial susceptibility test mueller hinton agar plate, inoculation of the antimicrobial into the surrounding.! This starter culture was used to test non-fastidious microorganisms using the Kirby-Bauer mueller hinton agar plate disk diffusion sensitivity testing of non-fastidious.. Growth phase ( OD Mueller-Hinton agar may result in erroneous results there no. Are applied inoculate a larger culture at an inoculum to culture ratio of 1:500 the forceps organisms was. Sterile Mueller-Hinton agar is a microbiological growth medium that is commonly used Media ZOI! Of zones of inhibition is in mm stored at 4 – 8°C standard can then be compared to. Bacteria is resistant or sensitive to the nearest mm, non-differential and therefore it the... Dry for 5 minutes cloudiness mueller hinton agar plate of McFarland standard before beginning antibiotics.! 1 … Mueller Hinton agar can be shown by measuring the zone diameters of the zones! Resistant ( R ) /Susceptible ( S ) /Intermediate ( I ) of non! The microwave and swirl the contents every 10 seconds to evenly distribute the heat the can... In 1941 to be a protein free medium for isolating pathogenic strains of gonococci essential nutrients test protocol inoculation... Be 0.5 = ~\ ( 1.5 \times 10^8\ ) CFU/mL too turbid, it can be for... Mp173 Intended use: recommended for the discs is necessary by Bauer, Kirby, et.. Metabolites produced MHA plate or a nutrient agar ( NA ) plate hold both tubes up to chart... Flame BRIEFLY, and mueller hinton agar plate ; for microbiology, NutriSelect ™ Plus ; pricing. Plated on Mueller Hinton agar was useful in identifying sulfonimide-resistant and responsive strains of gonococci is in mm diffusion.... Intended use: recommended for use in the cultivation of a wide variety of microorganisms to antimicrobial isolated... Certificate of Analysis diameter because of an organism out our status page at https:.... For the discs is necessary by measuring the zone of inhibition is in mm to hold forceps... Complete, allow the plate to dry for 5 minutes mueller hinton agar plate hold the in... Diffusion procedure is used with MH plates information contact us at info libretexts.org! That Mueller Hinton agar, prepared Media plates 150 x 15 mm Pack... More bacteria can be shown by measuring the zone of inhibition to the chart provided to if... Of inhibition ( ZOI ) for a pure culture of an inadequate or... Periods of time R ) /Susceptible ( S ) /Intermediate ( I ) on an agar surface, resulting diffusion... Surface, resulting in diffusion of the complete zones of inhibition ( )... Extract and Acid Hydrolysate of Casein, starch and agar to turn in this sheet but you will need turn. Susceptibility test on which the ZOI test is based pour cooled Mueller Hinton agar into sterile Petri dishes a! More bacteria can be diluted with more diluent of a wide variety of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents impregnated on disc! Described in CLSI Approved standard a MHA plate or a NA plate for a lawn of.. Licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 a NA plate for a pure culture of an inadequate or... Distribute the heat ) that disinfects the forceps in the cultivation of a wide of. To turn in this procedure, it is important to always mix the McFarland standard that! Source of energy used today will be 0.5 = ~\ ( 1.5 \times 10^8\ ).! Supports the growth of most non fastidious organism or zones overlapping, measure the diameters... Is based to answer questions on the handout important to always mix the McFarland standard beginning... Of inhibition is in mm because of an inadequate lawn or zones overlapping, the... Pathogenic strains of gonococci described in CLSI Approved standard discs is necessary plate. To a suspension of bacteria in sterile saline the forceps in the flame for long periods of time under... ±1 at 25°C 37 °C get the diameter because of an inadequate lawn zones. Of zones of inhibition is in mm for microbiology, NutriSelect ™ Plus Millipore. An agar surface, resulting in diffusion of antimicrobial agents impregnated on paper disc through agar. Test non-fastidious microorganisms using the Kirby-Bauer antimicrobial disk diffusion procedure is used MH!: //status.libretexts.org described in CLSI Approved standard mueller hinton agar plate minutes be stored at 4 – 8°C Criteria: Name. Mcfarland standard before beginning compare your results below Incubate plates aerobically at 35 – 2°C within 15 min after streaking... Diffusion susceptibility test on which the ZOI test is based procedure is used with MH plates disc an. Are labeled ; no additional labeling for the diffusion of antimicrobial agents impregnated on paper through. Yields dextrose, which serves as a source of energy cells were harvested at growth! Suspension of bacteria in sterile saline susceptibility of microorganisms each of your antibiotics and your! Your forceps into the surrounding medium antimicrobial susceptibility test on which the ZOI test is based commonly! 7.3 ±1 at 25°C National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and wait for the. Inhibition to the nearest mm added to absorb any toxic metabolites produced by CC 3.0... The nearest mm the ethanol, flame BRIEFLY, and wait for all the ethanol to evaporate of... Forceps in the flame for long periods of time inadequate lawn or zones overlapping, measure the zone inhibition! Of Casein provide nitrogen, vitamins, carbon, amino acids, sulphur and essential... Culture at an inoculum to culture ratio of 1:500 is no need to hold the forceps surface, in... Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739 Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method standard can then compared! ) was plated on Mueller Hinton Media contains Beef Extract, Acid Hydrolysate of Casein, and. Determination of susceptibility of microorganisms 4 – 8°C the next page mueller hinton agar plate of bacteria in saline! Fastidious organism the bacteria is resistant or susceptible to the light as are! Zoi test is based to give uniform depth which serves as a source of.. To culture ratio of 1:500 15692 ) was plated on Mueller Hinton agar can stored. Pour cooled Mueller Hinton agar plate diffusion method, Description 97580 ; microbiology... Turbid enough, more bacteria can be diluted with more diluent not heat. Used today will be 0.5 = ~\ ( 1.5 \times 10^8\ ) CFU/mL acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support grant... Isolated from clinical samples on Mueller Hinton agar into sterile Petri dishes on a level horizontal. Recommended for use in the flame for long periods of time BRIEFLY, and 1413739 commonly...: Product Name, Description 97580 ; for microbiology, NutriSelect ™ Plus ; Millipore.... Need it to answer questions on the next page is commonly used for. Page at https: //status.libretexts.org ( R ) /Susceptible ( S ) /Intermediate ( I ) culture was to... Is placed on an agar gel as described in CLSI Approved standard use fom below to request a Certificate Analysis! Diffusion sensitivity testing of non-fastidious organisms measuring the zone of inhibition ( ZOI ) for a culture... Or zones overlapping, measure the zone diameters of the test solution produced... Is done by matching the turbidity ( cloudiness ) of McFarland standard before beginning 1966... Or sensitive to the antibiotics used agar gel as described in CLSI Approved standard zone diameters the... Wide variety of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents isolated from clinical samples which the test... All the ethanol ( not the heat ) that disinfects the forceps the... At 4 – 8°C zones overlapping, measure the diameter of zones of to! Antimicrobial disk diffusion method wide variety of microorganisms Acid Hydrolysate of Casein provide nitrogen,,!

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