The results are summarized below. Furthermore, repeated mono-cropping with rice greatly decrease plant-available Si in soil. Notably, steel-making slag and blast furnace slag have been extensively utilized as raw materials for fertilizer production, mostly in Japan, Korea, and China. D. Effect of steel slag fertilizer application on relative content of Pb in each fraction of soil in late rice, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168163.s006. Na content in the stems and leaves of the paddy harvested from each group of plots in 2012 and 2013. The pH plays a key role in controlling Pb solubility in soil, as Pb adsorption and most precipitation reactions are favored by higher pH [54]. Dissolution Behavior in the Paddy Environment, 2.2. Steel slags contain numerous nutrient elements, such as CaO (40–50%), SiO2 (10–28%), as well as small amounts of MgO (2.5–10%), Fe-total (17–27%) and MnO (1.5–6%) [19]. The metals in the soil were precipitated as carbonates or hydroxides and acidification simply dissolved the precipitates [52]. As pH rose, calcium carbonate and Fe and Mn oxides contained in the steel slag tended to form Cd-carbonate or Cd oxide precipitate compounds [46, 49]. The concentration of Cd and Pb was determined with ICP-MS, while that of Hg and As was measured with atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer (AFS-2202). After the slag and steel have been tapped from the furnace, the slag is conveyed in slag pots to a slag processing unit. At Fukuyama No. From the results above, it is confirmed that the general trend of pore water and soil in the actual paddy can be simulated by the column test, except for the change in Si content with time in pore water. Washing machine is a kind of cleaning equipment of international advanced level for sand and slag ... Index > crusher>equipment in a fertilizer plant process ... Read more. For example Thomasphosphate had been used for more than hundred years. It has been debated whether long-term stability of heavy metals is altered by incorporation of steel slag and similar materials into soil. here. The range of Ca content was also close to that observed with column test, shown in Fig. No, Is the Subject Area "Heavy metals" applicable to this article? The second factor may be related to the residual effect of steel slag applied in the first season. A representative sample of up to 0.5 g was digested in 9 mL of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) and 3 mL of concentrated hydrofluoric acid for 15 minutes in a suitable laboratory microwave system. This trend was difficult to simulate by the column test. M. Numata, N. Maruoka, S-j. Iron and steel slag utilized for roads is manufactured by crushing and mechanically stabilizing blast furnace and steelmaking slag for use as paving material. slag volumes have been reduced on commercial scale from about 140 kg/tonne steel to 60 kg/tonne steel. A consecutive early rice-late rice rotation experiment was conducted to test the impacts of steel slag on soil pH, silicon availability, rice growth and metals-immobilization in paddy soil. In the late rice season, the silicon concentration of rice straw was significantly higher in all the treatments with slag than in the control treatment, with the silicon concentration being 78.7% and 89.3% higher in the Si4 and Si5 treatments respectively. The basic slag is obtained by the various processes of steel manufacture. Portions of the soil samples were air-dried for analysis of basic chemical parameters, and the remaining samples were freeze-dried for analysis of heavy metal fractions. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Si deficiency in paddy soil has been recognized as a limiting factor for rice production [2, 8]. (1) The reproducibility of the column test was confirmed by conducting for either 20 days or 40 days, because similar trends were observed. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click In tropical and subtropical areas, plant-available Si is low in these highly-weathered soil owing to heavy desilication-aluminization [7]. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition: Vol. The pile of steel slag occupies a huge area of arable land, and causes environmental pollution; moreover, 7%-15% steel can be recycled from steel slag. Slag application decreased the exchangeable fraction (F1) and increased the oxidizable fraction (F3, bound to organic matter) (Fig 6C and 6D). here. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168163.s005, A. Soil pH increased with increasing steel slag application rate (Fig 1). In this experiment, application of steel slag had no effect on the total Cd concentration in soil (Fig 5A). Thirty days later, basal fertilizers supplied were 0.2 g N kg-1 as urea, 52 mg P kg-1 as potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 84 mg K kg-1 as potassium sulfate. The siliceous fertilizer was made from the company’s steelmaking by-product, slag. With 80% of the paddy fields in China being located in the subtropics, it is necessary to demonstrate the effects of steel slag application on rice yield and heavy metal immobilization in the subtropical Chinese paddy fields. The cadmium concentrations in rice grains decreased significantly compared with the control treatment. Increased cost for raw materials and for landfilling have forced European steelmakers to look for new ways to recycle slag internally in the steel plant or in external applications. Steel LD slag can also be used in fertilizers for agricultural applications (Das et al., 2007). Yes Citation: Ning D, Liang Y, Liu Z, Xiao J, Duan A (2016) Impacts of Steel-Slag-Based Silicate Fertilizer on Soil Acidity and Silicon Availability and Metals-Immobilization in a Paddy Soil. No, Is the Subject Area "Soil pH" applicable to this article? Our brand name 'SuperSlag Basic' has become increasingly well known in the industry. In China, the critical value for available-silicon concentration in paddy soil is 100 mg kg-1 SiO2, below which positive rice responses to silicate fertilizer can be expected [39]. Pb concentrations of rice grain in all the treatments were below the maximum allowable limit value (0.2 mg kg-1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168163.g007. POSCO has contributed to increase farm income by continuously supplying slag to fertilizer companies since 1974, the year after the Pohang Works began operation. On the other hand, application of steel slag also accelerated the transformation of amorphous silicon to soluble silicon and resulted in enhancement of Si availability [34]. FY2012 using molten slag from the Nishigaya DMS plant in Shizuoka City under a collaborative scheme involving government, academia, and industry Shizuoka City, Shizuoka University, and Nippon Steel & Sumikin Engineering. Slag ― a mixture of silica and calcium, magnesium and iron oxides ― can be used as a fertilizer that can assist in fortifying disease resistance in rice because of its mineral components. On the basis of the above results, the fertilizer made of steelmaking slag can amend the damage to rice plants caused by Na ion through the supplementation of Ca, enhancement of the soil nitrogen mineralization by increasing the pH, and acceleration of photosynthesis by the supplementation of Si. Although Si has not been considered as an essential nutrient for plant, there is increasing evidence proved that Si is beneficial for rice growth, development and resistance against abiotic (metal toxicity, salt and drought stress, nutrient imbalance) and biotic stress (plant diseases and insect pests) [3–6]. Si content in the stems and leaves of the paddy harvested from each group of plots in 2012 and 2013. Effect of steel slag fertilizer application on total Cd concentration in soil. Cultivation Experiments in the Paddy Fields, 3.1. Steel plant slag is a solid industrial waste generated from steel industries in production of steel and mainly these wastes includes blast furnace and steel melting slag (open hearth or LD process slag). This development is of particular significance since the supply of low-phosphorous iron ores is diminishing at an ever increasing rate. Dissolution Behavior in the Paddy Environment, 3.2. After being processed, steel slag can be used as smelter flux, cement raw material, construction aggregate, foundation backfill, railway ballast, road pavement, brick, slag fertilizer and soil amendment, etc. ( Montalvo et al., 2018 ). were much lower in the Si–treated plants than in the control plants (data not shown). NPK LTD, suppliers of steelworks slag (Ag Slag) from the Port Talbot South Wales steel works were responsible for reviving the production of agricultural slag from this site around 25 years ago after a break of many years. First, rice seeds were sterilized with 10% (v/v) H2O2 for 15 min, rinsed with distilled water, soaked in water for 24 hours, and then transferred into culture dishes for germination at 25°C in the dark. This point of view might explain why continuous application of slag at a huge rate (e.g., 2000 mg plant-available SiO2 per kg soil) significantly depressed further dissolution of Si from steel slag. Did you know that all silicate fertilizer used in Korea is made from POSCO slag? Based on accumulated experience in the steel byproduct recycling business in the domestic steel industry, we run blag furnace slag and steel slag, factory scale business and recycle business at PT.Krakatau Posco steel plant. Fertilizers made of steelmaking slag are important inexpensive materials for recovering degraded paddy fields. Therefore, slag supplies not only Ca and Si for soil remediation, but also micronutrients, including Fe. PLoS ONE 11(12): Like the old basic slag our grade of steel works slag called Super Slag Basic is principally a lime based material which has absorbed the . Composition of fertilizer made of steelmaking slag. B. These are competitive raw materials for industrial mineral industry. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168163, Received: September 11, 2016; Accepted: November 27, 2016; Published: December 14, 2016. The use of fertilizers and liming materials produced from blast furnace and steel slags has a long tradition. test was adopted to detect the significant difference (P<0.05) between the means of different treatments in the same rice season. These pots were incubated for 30 days after addition of slags and watered daily with distilled water to maintain 2–3 cm submergence throughout the experimental period. Thomas and Gilchrist method Examples of traditional applications of ferrous slag are the use as aggregates and cement component in the building sector or as fertilizer. The soil tested is a paddy soil (anthropogenic soil) derived from red soil (Ultisol). The steel-slag-based silicon fertilizer used in experiment was in granular form. The maximum application rate of Mo slag to soil in present study is 10.0% (w/w). About Us. '•The slag from the Thomas-Gilchrist process for making steel has long been supposed to have valuable properties as a manure. Most environmental standards for soils contaminated with heavy metals are based on their total concentrations. Therefore, an increase in silicon availability in soil caused by application of steel slag is conducive to both less Cd accumulation in rice shoots or rice grain and alleviation of Cd phyto-toxicity. Working topics. The Na contents of soil solution in the plot where the fertilizer was applied were relatively high, and this trend was also observed in the column test, as shown in Fig. Silicon is taken up by roots in the form of silicic acid (H4SiO4), and mainly distributed in rice straw (leaf + stem) [2]. In this experiment, silicon fertilizer H produced significantly higher grain weight than silicon fertilizer Q at the same plant-available Si application rate. The effect of the application of fertilizer made of slag was clearly observed. Daily average temperature was about 8°C higher in the late rice season than in the early rice season. In the present study, a pot experiments were carried out (1) to assess the effect of application rates of steel slag on improving soil acidity and silicon-availability (2) to demonstrate the effects of steel slags on the immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soil, (3) to test the impacts of slag application on rice productivity and metals accumulation. HOME > About Iron and Steel Slag > About Iron and Steel Slag > Fertilizers Because blast furnace slag contains fertilizer components CaO, SiO 2, and MgO, it is used in … Once slags were dumped; nowadays they are considered marketable products and only a small percentage is processed as industrial waste in landfills. In addition, the column test can be considered as a useful method to predict the effects of the fertilizer made of steelmaking slag on rice cultivation. Five Si treatments with three replicates each were designed. Blast furnace slag is made during the melting and reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace. 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