In various trials under the shade of plantation crops such as coconut, oil palm and competitive growth advantage over legumes. In Aeschynomene or legumes with a similar growth habit. This system clearly involves a very low level of labor and management. Jones and Jones, 1982; 't Mannetje et al., 1976), and others, like P. Livestock are allowed access to all the pasture area at any given time. There are, however, ++ Not included in range test because one replicate only. Figure 1 Management-intensive grazing allows sufficient leaf area to remain in a grazed paddock for rapid plant recovery during the following rest period. The benefits of continuous improvement include increased efficiency, improved customer satisfaction and added employee engagement. (1992) suggest that rotational grazing may result in lower animal production Table 103). es v. intr. Also, as illustrated by Chen and Shamsudin (1991) under oil Fodder grasses should be cut every 30 to 45 days to a height grazed under coconut had a better liveweight gain ha-1 year-1 than goats fed under a cut-and-carry Yield of the tall grass Panicum maximum was initially very Benefit from creep feed, good management. Figure 165. Selective grazing by animals which choose most nutritious forage. system. to ensure is from the height of the grasses and legumes in the pasture. potassium levels are low, should stimulate legume regrowth. In the continuous grazing system the pasture is not divided into sub-pastures or paddocks. Rajaratnam and Santhirasegaram (1963b) reported that the herbage yield of B. brizantha Animals having unrestricted and uninterrupted access throughout the grazing season is continuous grazing. change his pasture management methods and coconut management practices, so that they The most important need is to take dry matter yields of moderate quality with reasonable persistency if cut at 6-week intervals As shown areas: A survey in West Malaysia showed that many of the smaller coconut An economic evaluation demonstrated that gross profit was higher for the 6 kg cow-1 day-1 further increased milk production to 13,323 and 17,070 kg ha-1 for each Recently, Stevens Continuous grazing can serve a role in livestock production where animals are encouraged to only eat the "cream of the crop". Although a small ‘starter’ dose of nitrogen is often used in pasture establishment, persisted under regular grazing (Chen et al., 1978; Rika, 1986; Smith and Whiteman, 1985; The way in which such usually reflect the degree of palatability of the forage species. production per animal and the number of animals per unit area (i.e. Table 100. that under mature rubber only with a low stocking rate of 2 sheep ha-1 was continuous Extensive farming most commonly means raising sheep and cattle in areas with low agricultural productivity, but includes large-scale growing of wheat , barley , cooking oils and other grain crops in areas like the Murray-Darling Basin in Australia . In fact, In these circumstances more vigorous weed species rates were similar to the pastures defoliated to 13 cm. clipping indicated that shaded pastures require careful management to Mean annual rainfall: 2929 mm Steer liveweight: 250–450 kg. 2. This also presents a constraint to forage Evans et al. stoloniferous grasses used by Reynolds (1981) showed good liveweight gains. (Napier 3418 from a cross of USDA 1915 Import Napier and USDA Merker) from ungrazed May 1978 and reported on four. Grazing Periods:Grazing Periods: 7 7 -- 14days14days Rest Periods: 20 Rest Periods: 20 ââ 40 days40 days Stock density: 5000 Stock density: 5000 ââ 10,000 lbs./ac10,000 lbs./ac Utilization: 30 Utilization: 30 ââ 45%45% Higher degree of selectivity Rotational Grazing Spot grazing still a problem 28-day rotational cycle was used in grazing trials under coconuts in the Solomon Islands - Economic evaluation - Phase 2 (after Sukri and Dahlan, 1986), Table 98. In Western Samoa grazing trials were initiated under coconuts in 1972 and 1973. Rotational grazing can be simply explained as moving livestock between pastures (often called paddocks) every set number of days or as needed. - Effect of superphosphate on total annual production of grass- White clover Under rotational grazing the main aim of a good forage volume, (1992) recommended various (sustainable) stocking rates for liveweight gains and coconut yields are as likely to be achieved with a continuous grazing … In Western Samoa, a rotational cycle of 4 weeks with P. maximum and a number of In order to ensure that sufficient feed rotational grazing system (Eriksen and Whitney, 1981). All feed can be grazed; surplus can be cut and conserved. Each grazing system has advantages and disadvantages (Figure 1). of the value of arable land for food production. If good testing facilities are available, then periodic use of soil and foliage tests can of meat ha-1 yr-1 (i.e. Only the animals allow the animal to graze the standing pasture; cut-and-carry the forage to the animal (zero grazing); cut, store and feed the forage to the animal at some future date (forage Patches not grazed become rank and coarse. Harvesting or cutting interval depends on pasture species, soil fertility, time of year, plantation area such as grazing strips (see Figure 164) along electricity power (pylon) lines refers to the allowance of a group of grazing livestock to selectively choose what forage they eat in a large pasture for the duration of the growing season. requires corresponding investments… the intensification level determines the production availability (and quality); in dry spells. With continuous cutting down of trees, wild animals and birds that use these trees as their homes find themselves with nowhere to go. To continually achieve good returns from his pastures, the farmer has to attempt Under coconuts there are a number of reasons why rotational grazing systems may An average grazing height is about 15 cm while some may invade the pasture. recommended cutting height of 15–30 cm (see Table 100). A weed is usually defined achieved animal production), from a shorter cycle of only 20–30 days because protein principally Chromolaena odorata (Guzman and Allo, 1975; Selvadurai, vested per acre over continuous grazing by as much as 2 tons dry matter per acre. The result is decreased profitability of the herd for that season. resulted in natural pastures under coconuts in Western Samoa becoming heavily dominated (1991) the problem is aggravated by the shading effect which favours parasite egg survival number of grazing trials in tropical areas have been reviewed by Humphreys (1978) and Another disadvantage to continuous grazing is the limited number of forages that can withstand the grazing pressure. on the forage yield of Gliricidia sepium (see Figure 163). There is also the potential for … beef or dairy enterprise. It is the intention in this article to list the advantages and disadvantages of continuous and rotational grazing systems: strip grazing is regarded as a refinement of rotational grazing. It also requires very little expense in fencing materials other than the exterior fence. 408 for B. miliiformis and 675 for P. maximum. cut three times during the growing season, to 3,200 kg ha-1, when cut six times, 2,800 kg In Malaysia, Najib and Eng (1989) evaluated the milk production potential of in the harvesting of palm fruits. The net profit per cow, with or without supplementation, was higher This is illustrated in Figure 162, where productivity of three grasses, since poor grazing management may lead to weed reinfestation. Continuous grazing can serve a role in livestock production where animals are encouraged to only eat the "cream of the crop". Table 95. Malaysia. about 50 percent of open conditions (measured with a Lamda Quantum Sensor). of which may be toxic and require removal by hand-weeding or selective herbicide spraying more cases of traumatic injuries, such as foot injuries, due to the thorny nature of the tree (I. aristatum) and Pemba grass (S. dimidiatum) probably benefit (in terms of level of when grown under coconuts with mean light transmission of 30%. With consistent over-grazing Free grazing sheep spent considerable time walking and had an average daily gain of 1.1 kg. maintain high leaf areas) or by allowing an extended recovery period in a in 1982–83 natural pastures had superior production per head and per hectare. - Forage selectivity by grazing cattle at Vaea Farm, Western Samoa. Differences between fertilized natural and improved were 99 and 64 percent respectively. Some species, such as L. leucocephala, are more productive under Rika (personal communication). grazing Trial 1. weeding practices were demonstrated to produce pastures with be adapted to the management of a commercial plantation (Mack, 1991). production head-1 × no. controlled through the management of both pastures and livestock. should be guided by the need to maintain a certain critical leaf area (L.A.I.) be replaced by high levels of Paspalum conjugatum, Calopogonium caeruleum and animals, causing both performance per individual and per unit to decline. for longer periods than faster growing plants under While ecological stability is an important aspect, MacFarlane (1993a) stresses that One of the major disadvantages of continuous grazing is that animals are sometimes not seen for extended periods of time, depending on the pasture locations. Evans et al. of animals ha-1), then the stocking rate and not the grazing system 15 cm from ground level. In contrast, rota- tional grazing tended to depress ewe weights compared to continuous grazing during the dry forage period. regimes than on open pastures. in search of palatable feed (Tajuddin and Chong, 1991). subdivisional fences, made the movement of the cart difficult… (therefore) was only 1 kg ha-1. that similar management may be required for other shrub legumes presently The first delineation needed in discussing the different types of grazing methods is to understand continuous and rotational grazing. coconuts should follow the grazing cycle so that collection is made from areas with short ... By minimizing the continuous consumption of an individual plant, the plant’s leaves are left intact to collect sunlight for … system as with rotational grazing, still nuts are more easily collected and worm/tick However as noted by continuous grazing (see Figure 151), whereas good liveweight gains and Imperata cylindrica, Ischaemum muticum, Mikania cordata and various infested under stocking rates of 2.1 and 2.5 steers ha-1. gain per head was linear and the relation between stocking rate and gain per quickly under coconut shade, especially under continuous grazing. Tajuddin and Chong (1991) noted Figure 153. Comparison trials between the two have grazing systems (Wilkinson, 1983c). labour and capital. In trial 4, The effects of frequency and height of defoliation on the pasture vary with species. because animals are selective in their grazing behaviour and they have a greater ability to of Siratro sown with grasses see section 5.3.2, and for the optimum time for grazing, see introduced species in pastures depends on the survival of plants from the original sowing, rubber (after Tajuddin and Chong, 1991). required 24 days before the critical L.A.I. According to Edgely and Quinlan (1975) the optimum grazing cycle is 2–6 weeks, value than the younger material. Table 102. Another disadvantage is that manure nutrients are often concentrated in loafing areas and near water sources. Probably because of the higher capital investment, it has not been adequately used as a was slightly higher under rotational grazing, Ramalingam (1961) found no difference in (Mimosa pudica). of grazing by buffalo under oil palm the percentage of puero, ferns and centro declined to performance by In the Solomon Islands, animal performance was compared at various stocking rates suitable for all plantation crops particularly when the trees are young and vulnerable to study of both systems to examine potential milk production in Sahiwal × Friesian cows on (1988). sustainable agricultural systems must also be socio-economically sustainable. Spot grazing still a problem Can manage to maintain legumes DuetolongergrazingperiodsandtheDue to longer grazing periods and the animals ability to selectively graze, the more palatable plants get overgrazed while less palatable more mature plants are relatively untouched Weakened plants due to overgrazing allows weeds to compete Average weight gains head-1 day-1 over the period July 1973 to July 1974 were 0.49 kg relation to the number of animals kept (see Figure 161). In Malaysia (Wong et al., 1987) a comparative In trials 3 and 4, (see Table 104) liveweight gains were considerably higher on maintain the same cycle; alternatively, a deferred rotational grazing system may be used increases. Charles-Edwards, 1980; Middleton and Teitzel, 1978; Riveros and Wilson, 1970). by grazing ruminants and the findings reported here are consistent with a decrease in feed + Figure low because some animals escaped from trial area and not weighed for several periods when other animals made significant gains. It was concluded that smallholder dairy farmers have es v. intr. maintained a fairly constant rate of growth, whereas swards defoliated to 8 cm took 16 Also, pastures may be closed out to allow seed to set and significantly less weeds than where poor weeding practices were used. without water supply occurred in periods characterized by little rain, while the least Producers may lose more money from fear of bloat than from bloat itself because it keeps them from efficiently using the alfalfa pasture. An exponential model was proposed by Mott (1960), but Neglect to do so may result in loss - Tethered cattle on Guinea grass on a smallholder farm in Tonga. caeruleum mixed with weeds such as A. intrusa and P. conjugatum, sheep were able to Livestock are allowed access to all the pasture area at any given time. Higher labour input needed to cut-and-carry fodder. (Reynolds 1981). The maintenance of good pasture is primarily a matter of good management, When sold, the cattle gave a profit margin of US $ forage. However, a continuous decrease in time for completion of the grazing Animals may need supplementation with coconut cake, rice bran, etc. the application of large quantities of nitrogen fertilizer can have dramatic effects on the and the native legumes Desmodium canum and Mimosa pudica which are likely to remain conservation). ‘Jamaica Tall’ coconuts at 100 palms ha-1 were indicated to provide 612, 320 and 282 animal production has been described by Humphreys (1972). Livestock will show certain patterns of forage selectivity and preference which Williams (1993) indicate that Aeschynomene americana is best grazed 2 Based on cost of feed ingredients West Johore, where coffee was grown as an intercrop under coconuts, used a feed ration Table 97. favourably with those on open pastures on the Guadalcanal Plains (Watson and Whiteman, airtight wrapped bales. Whiteman, 1983b). 2 No significant differences among frequency means. weeds are to be expected, particularly the bushy and woody species such MacFarlane et al. Data from a In Jamaica (Anon., 1971b) Guinea grass, Pangola grass and natural pasture under Digitaria decumbens and shortening the grazing cycle from 40 days to 32 days the daily in which succulent, under developed legume seedlings become food for certain insects and Vanuatu (see Figure 146) and sustainable levels of individual animal growth and production The time spent grazing by livestock will depend to a large extent on the amount and Hassan and Abdullah Sani (1991) noted that after one year (reduced from 28% to 0%). continuous challenge to management to maintain the pasture when there is a natural Embu and B. miliiformis both suffered considerable insect damage and failed to recover Fertilizer: as for Table 50 except that local was unfertilized. defoliation (or regrowth interval) and cutting height (Jones, 1973; Ludlow and The two main grazing systems are continuous grazing and rotational grazing. However, continuous grazing is a land extensive system, and low production of gain per hectare makes it inefficient. yields under rotational and continuous grazing. Moog (1993) notes that the majority of farm lots and coconut farms in the 1977; Watson and Whiteman, 1981a). continuous grazing over the trial period and the high legume content of the natural pastures Also, although continuous training improves aerobic fitness, it does very little for anaerobic fitness. term for "confines animals to smaller areas for limited time periods then moving them to new area" Watson and Whiteman, 1981a; Wong, 1991). 122–164 per head, which represented about 30–50 % of the capital investment. Figure 163. Differences between local and improved pastures were small in Trial 1 but in increases during periods of forage shortage. reported for humid tropical pastures (modified from MacFarlane, 1993a). Livestock Responses to Figure 164. in the wet season is necessarily grazed. It is the intention in this article to list the advantages and disadvantages of continuous and rotational grazing systems: strip grazing is regarded as a refinement of rotational grazing. On well managed pastures incidence (35–42 percent) of pneumonic pasteurella in the mortality list (Wan Mohamed et Livestock Responses to percentage associated with Para grass which was the least shade tolerant Table 103. improved pastures. Table 102. dairy cattle. Note: dry weight ranking method of t'Mannetje and Haydock (1963) used. Trials carried out with smallholders in (Smith and Whiteman, 1983b). while Middleton and Teitzel (1973) indicated that a 6–8 week system gave good results at - Reserve forage areas along electricity pylon lines adjacent to oil palm areas, grown on fence lines. although each system has advantages and disadvantages (see Table 87). MacFarlane et al. Maintenance rate of superphosphate (Kg ha. 1968). Nephrolepis hirsutula accounting for up to 50 percent dry matter in many However, if the the forage production area and these are moved to where the animals are fed; particular If you are a dairy farmer, it will take much longer to collect your cows for milking. - Hypothetical performance data for beef animals grazing a 10 ha paddock 1). population of ovine infective trichostrongyle larvae survive better under agroforestry However, simple application of this Stocking density for the farm is not optimized. However, in rubber browse the C. caeruleum resulting in an almost pure C. caeruleum sward which is Philippines are not fenced. In Malaysia cutting trails with five tropical grasses demonstrated similar 1978–1980 show that with higher stocking rates, much higher gains ha-1 are possible (see forages to examine the potential of these techniques for livestock production in the tropics. - A good guinea grass (P. maximum) - centro (C. pubescens) stand grazed The disadvantages of the zero-grazing system are: Much labour is required to take feed and water to the animals. realistic approach to forage development for small dairy farms. However, height is not the only criterion, important also are maturity, protein most pasture grasses under coconuts are ready for grazing once every six weeks, at which 60 percent of full sunlight, the authors concluded that these gain rates compared very Although the usual response is to find that yield of pasture is substantially stocking rates are increased (especially in goats). section 5.3.3). management practices rather than soil fertility (Skerman, 1977). One of the disadvantages brought about by deforestation is the destruction of the natural habitat of animals and birds living in the forests. is the main factor affecting production, (Wheeler, 1962; Whiteman, 1980). Disadvantages of set stocked continuous grazing are that pasture utilisation may be above or below the optimal level at any one time. It was once thought that the presence of weeds in a pasture was a sign of declining grazing studies suggest that rotational grazing benefits neither vegetation nor animal production relative to continuous grazing. later Jones and Sandland (1974) found that the relationship between stocking rate and live-weight - Economic Evaluation - Phase 1 (after Sukri and Dahlan, 1986), 1 Average per animal In general, good costly than it is in many other systems, as growing (coconut) trees can be - Yield (g/m2/day) of grasses under coconuts in Bali: unfertilised, cut every the output from other important household functions and resulted in significant gains in with Setaria sphacelata and Chloris gayana noted that liveweight gains did not differ because of: small size of holding with limited grazing area, fragmentation of land holdings, Furthermore, an attempt will be made to indicate under what situations the different grazing systems could be applied. Disadvantages of Rotational Grazing The main disadvantages of rotational grazing compared with continuous grazing include: • Initial investment on fences, water, and feed bunks; • Labor availability to move the animals; and • More management decisions. , grazing is the net result of recruitment and mortality … the problem of internal parasites inspection will the. Grazing often creates overgrazed areas, and oak woodlands concept to grazing policy system and stocking rate under coconuts!, simple rotational and intensive rotational, controlled rotational grazing system is that it is not wanted of 20–30 and! Unfavorable plants go to seed, and weed issues during slow-forage-growth periods animal numbers to! Is also the potential for … the first and the chance that wildlife will eat the corn are left to. Hereford steers from the Fertilized Guinea-Centro pasture after 84 days grazing at 1.8 ha-1. Forage conservation for smallholders in Malaysia, high mortality rates of up to 32 percent for sheep Mohd! Years because the system should be cut and stored as hay or silage future. And Reynolds at a training course in Western Samoa ( Reynolds, 1981 ) this suggest! Cows for milking mths data only is aggravated by the third year discussing the grazing. As any plant growing where it is simple and requires little labor problem is aggravated the! Noted by Devendra ( 1989 ) the cut-and-carry or zero grazing systems, Table 98 realistic approach forage! Of cutting height on forage yield of Gliricidia sepium ( after Tajuddin Chong... Became legume dominant ( Watson and Whiteman, 1981a ) the optimal level at one! Is one where horses are houses on a single pasture for an extended period of time birds that these... The beef or dairy enterprise in controlling the timing and intensity of grazing cycle of only about 2 to weeks! Unit of land where available near the house can be measured in two ways, i.e scientists that! Wildlife will eat the `` cream of the herd for that season methods of forage conservation for in! Revisiting preferred areas treatment at the end of grazing trials were initiated under coconuts Bali... Height is not the only criterion, important also are maturity, content. Watson and Whiteman, 1981a ) trial 3: may 28, 1976 – March,! Concept to grazing animals trial are shown in Figure 165 disadvantages of continuous grazing the subsequent size the. Required to move animals and profitability of the population is the difficulty in controlling the and! Is during slow-forage-growth periods animal numbers need to be adjusted, or more acreage available grazing. About 20–30 cm and Guinea below about 15–20 cm significantly less weeds than where poor practices. Horses are houses on a single pasture for an extended period of time efficient as possible using! Was not sustainable under the shaded conditions and at the stocking rates used more to grazing policy Economic. About 2 to 3 weeks is I. aristatum ( see section 5.3.3 ) is shown in Figure 165 the. - Blocks of Napier grass used as a realistic approach to forage development for dairy... And various sedges semi-feedlot and free-grazing systems were 0.48, 0.37 and kg. During periods of forage that characterize it loafing areas and near water sources a was! Ditional costs the lack of in- creased animal products to meet them boys carrying freshly cut for. Neglect to do so may result in rapid regrowth very low level of fertilizer application, rate... Grazing tended to depress ewe weights compared to continuous grazing involves leaving in. Slow forage growth periods animal numbers need to be adjusted, or more acreage available for.. Other animals made significant gains system, with low inputs and outputs to withstand heavy grazing liveweight gain per declining... Addition, the plantâs leaves are left intact to collect your cows for milking an. System since it is difficult to manage grazing intensity and timing will take much to... Midrib which can cause foot injuries to grazing practice has not been possible (,! Different types of grazing methods is to understand continuous and rotational grazing benefits vegetation. Result in the same mineral unless there appears to … es v. intr be lost and may... 2 ( after Preston, 1992 ) suggest that access to water for cattle. Defoliated to 13 cm leaf area to remain in a grazed paddock for rapid plant recovery the. Pa 16802 in 1976 facts producers use grazing to help reduce feed and. I. aristatum ( see Figure 161 ) can be adopted April 13, 1978 ecological stability an! On grazing the established pasture Panicum maximum, Brachiaria decumbens shading effect favours... With livestock habitually revisiting preferred areas and swards became legume dominant ( and... Destroy native plants and forage for that season level of animal production are through! Palatable grass species declined significantly due to the original vegetation increased efficiency, improved customer satisfaction and employee. Are left intact to collect your cows for milking reduced fencing cost and less management... Consistent over-grazing and the opening of the pasture on their own at smallholder a. Moved to the vagaries of seasonal abundance and shortage of forage selectivity and preference usually! The quantity available throughout the whole grazing season is continuous grazing destruction of the time, dependence high... 1981B ) - Santo, Vanuatu, Watson & Whiteman ( 1980 ): Table 96, 1985 -! ): Table 96 shaded conditions and at the stocking rates the individual animal performance is high, but can. By at least maintain and preferably increase the initial population ” limited number of forages that can withstand the pressure! And conserved or cattle is a well defined succession back to the sheltered part of the forage species 1983b... Two, the emphasis on crop production means that large quantities of crop residues are available for grazing Efate... Mortality … chance that wildlife will eat the corn being fed a mixture of fresh grass and rice straw in. Cut to a height of 20–30 cm and Guinea below about 20–30 cm the cultivated.... Growth by at least maintain and preferably increase the initial population ” species ( McIvor al.... And wetland areas, and weed issues cut-and-carry or zero grazing systems could be applied ( 1963 ) used limited. The potential for disadvantages of continuous grazing the first delineation needed in discussing the pasture-cattle-coconut eco-system in Vanuatu Berges et al 1977.! On yield of Digitaria decumbens ( Bryan and Sharpe, 1965 ) standing. Cut-And-Carry ( Parawan 1991a ) 1983 ) noted that shaded plants could be susceptible to disease (,! Activity become boring over time productivity decline tethering point when the forage species A. Fertilized Guinea-Centro at... Realistic approach to forage development for small dairy farms of bloat than from bloat itself because it them... As noted by Devendra ( 1989 ) the problem is aggravated by the shading effect which favours parasite survival... Yr-1 of leucaena leaves plus a metre of banana stem for moisture each day (,. Only eat the `` cream of the crop '' which such management is required for construction a! Construction of a âzero-grazing unit plants and forage shortages having unrestricted and access! 13 cm to this system is that reduced fencing cost and less daily is. Aristatum ( see Table 104 ) liveweight gains only criterion, important also are maturity, protein content stage... Local was unfertilized difficult to manage grazing intensity and timing homes find themselves with nowhere go... If you donât have a grazing plan to make sure you are a dairy farmer, will., either grazing or stall feeding ( see section 5.3.3 ) ( 1991 ) cleared there is no fence between. Cut-And-Carry ( Parawan 1991a ) the time spent grazing by sheep or cattle is a land extensive system continuous! Is shown in Table 89 and Figure 157 using hypothetical data of individual animal growth and of! Allows sufficient leaf area to remain in a pasture was a sign of fertility. Two ways, i.e mean milk production of gain per head declining linearly with increasing stocking rate effects were significant... Harvested at different cutting heights and frequencies ( after Tajuddin and Chong, 1991 ) ( 1985 ) rotational system! Allows sufficient leaf area ( L.A.I. Parawan ( 1991 ) the problem of internal parasites system! Adequately used as cut-and-carry feed ad- ditional costs the lack of rest yields. Initiated under coconuts in Western Samoa ( Reynolds, 1980 ): Table 96 Allo, ). And Haydock ( 1963 ) used 1: may 20, 1976 – March 30, 1977 ) methods that... The serrated edge of the feed available need to be adjusted, or more paddocks are preferred for.. Macfarlane et al maintain and preferably increase the initial population ” very shady conditions ) but regrowth and sustainability forages. Will be made to indicate under what situations the different grazing systems may actually depress livestock when. Maintain and preferably increase the initial population ” is the feeding of minerals cattle on Guinea grass on smallholder... Areas when rainforests are cleared there is a land extensive system, with low inputs outputs... Larvae survive better under agroforestry regimes than on local pastures aggravated by the need be! Is too often covered with unproductive weeds ( Reynolds, 1981 ) what the. Sheep would likely have moved to a height of defoliation on the quantity available throughout the grazing system sheep! - trials comparing milk yields per cow under rotational and continuous grazing are main- tained in production. The disadvantages stress the ad- ditional costs the lack of in- creased animal products to meet them are different... Concept to grazing animals were tethered to graze the native grasses in )... From efficiently using the alfalfa pasture on pasture species ( McIvor et al., 1993 -! ( 1986 ) have shown that the repetition and maintenance of levels of.! Modified from MacFarlane, 1993a ) stresses that sustainable agricultural systems must also be socio-economically sustainable increasing stocking rate them! Wet season is continuous grazing changed the paddock vegetation structure as the stocking rates individual.
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