Is there an unseen force or a law of nature that God has designed into the world, which silently governs the rise and fall of economies and nations? Sabbatical years have been used to fix the exact time of historical events, as shown in traditional Jewish chronology, but which are rarely understood by modern chroniclers of ancient history.[80]. So for each of these, you want to find the Gregorian date for 1 Tishrei and 29 Elul. Since the first day of Hag HaMazoth falls on the 15th of the First Month 5 (which the Rabbanites call "Nissan"), . 12.9.5/378, 1 Maccabees 6:53), dated by Zuckermann to 163/162 BCE. )[23], When you eat and are satiated, you should bless God your Lord on the land The primary place where a Jew can eat in holiness is the Holy Land, which was given to us so we can sanctify its produce through the mitzvot such as tithes, the Sabbatical year, and so on. List of shemithah (sabbatical) years and major events that happened in the this 100-year period: September 28, 1916 - September 16, 1917 United States joins WWI. The Shmita years since the establishment of the modern state of Israel have been :1951-52, 1958-59, 1965-66, 1972-73, 1979-80, 1986-87, 1993-94, 2000-01, 2007-08, 2014-15. September 11, 1923 - September 28, 1924 After ruling in favor of Minhag Yerushalayim, that the biblical prohibition consists of not cultivating the land owned by Jews ("your land", Exodus 23:10), Rabbi Spektor devised a mechanism by which the land could be sold to a non-Jew for the duration of that year under a trust agreement. The Shmita years are those divisible by 7. According to the widely accepted biblical chronology of Edwin Thiele, Jehoshaphat began a coregency with his father Asa in 872/871 BCE, and his sole reign began in 870/869. 23:10, 11, 12; Lev. [93] According to the Geniza record, the earthquake occurred on 23 Shevat, 679 years after the destruction of the Second Temple; this is January 18, 749 CE in the Julian calendar. This rules out the possibility that the passage is dealing with a Sabbatical year followed by a year of Jubilee. silvestre), purslane (Portulaca oleracea), wild coriander (Coriandrum sativum), parsley growing alongside rivers (Apium graveolens), garden rocket growing in marshlands (Eruca sativa), sweet marjoram (Majorana syriaca), white-leaved savory (Micromeria fruticosa), and the like of such things. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. [21], The ancient idea of an otzar beit din (storehouse of the rabbinical court) is mentioned in the Tosefta (Sheviit 8, 1). As a result, hydroponics use has been increasing in Haredi farming communities.[45]. Collapse of the Russian government and the 1917 revolution. [19] After the Temple's destruction, the people began a new practice to number each seventh year as a Sabbatical year, without the necessity of adding a fiftieth year.[20]. Although this commandment, like so many others, was probably neglected throughout most of Israel's history, it was observed in Josiah's 18th year (2 Kings 23:1,2). @Gary. Is it suspicious or odd to stand by the gate of a GA airport watching the planes? [2] A variety of laws also apply to the sale, consumption and disposal of shmita produce. However, in reality, it is identical only in appearance as prices are controlled, and may correspond only to expenses, with no profit allowed. There are many reasons for the shmita year. Produce grown on land owned by non-Jewish (typically, Produce grown on land outside the halakhic boundaries of Israel (, Produce (mainly fruits) distributed through the, It can only be consumed or used (in its ordinary use) for personal enjoyment. It has been 65 years since the formal state of Israel has been estbalished, and the question of what to do with Shmita is very much alive. The 50th year of the land, which is also a Shabbat of the land, is called "Yovel" in Hebrew, which is the origin of the Latin term "Jubilee", also meaning 50th. To begin with, the "sale" was meant as a . The first modern treatise devoted to the Sabbatical (and Jubilee) cycles was that of Benedict Zuckermann. Once a species is no longer available in the land, halakha requires that it be removed, made ownerless, and made available to anyone who wishes to take it through a procedure called biur. For this reason, there are various special rules regarding the religious use of products that are normally made from agricultural produce. [98] This recent study argues that a comparative study of the word motsae (literally, "goings-out") does not support any sense of "after" ("after a Sabbatical year"). Grain cannot be harvested by using a sickle, nor can a person reap an entire field, or make use of beasts to separate the grain from the husks by treading. In halakha (Jewish law), produce of the Seventh Year that is subject to the laws of Shmita is called sheviit. While the mitzva of terumah and ma'aser does still exist halachically in Israel today, no one is actually eating that food. 623/622 BCE would therefore also have been a Sabbatical year. the year that began in Tishri of 574. Josiah's 18th year, at which time the Talmud says there was another Jubilee, began in 623 BCE, as can be determined from Babylonian records dating the Battle of Carchemish, which occurred shortly after Josiah was slain in his 31st year (2 Kings 22:3, 23:29). This was the sense adopted by Zuckermann when citing the Seder Olam as supportive of his calendar of Sabbatical years. is candy a common or proper noun; Tags . Like most tractates in the order of Zeraim, there is no Babylonian Talmud for this tractate.[27][28]. Every seven years, Jews in Israel, observe the biblical laws of shmita, the "year of release," which is more widely known as the sabbatical year. 13.8.1/235; The Jewish War 1.2.4/59-60) and 1 Maccabees (16:14-16), and during which a Sabbatical year started; from the chronological information provided in these texts, Zuckermann concluded that 136/135 BCE was a Sabbatical year. Douglas Petrovich, "The Ophel Pithos Inscription: Its Dating, Language, Translation, and Script". The beginning of American to rise to world power. Therefore, it would seem necessary to closely examine the phrase in the original Hebrew when making chronological decisions. The Jewish New Year 5775 is also a year of shmita, the sabbatical year of the seven-year cycle mandated by the Torah for all agricultural produce grown the Land of Israel.Like most things related to the seemingly benign occupation of farming, shmita is a hot-button topic, particularly over the past 132 years since the 1882 First Aliya also known as the Farmer's Aliya and the . In Leviticus 25:5, the reaping of the saphiah is forbidden for a Sabbath year, explained by rabbinic commentary to mean the prohibition of reaping in the ordinary way (with, for example, a sickle), but permitted to be plucked in a limited way by one's own hands for one's immediate needs during the Sabbath year.[15]. In modern Israel, the Shmita is practiced by mainly Orthodox Jews now, and the government is not interested in enforcing the observance of the Shmita. were never applied all throughout the Second Temple period, but the Jubilee was being used during the period of the Second Temple in order to fix and sanctify thereby the Sabbatical year. In contemporary religious circles these rabbinic leniencies have received wide but not universal acceptance. A convenient starting place for the study of Sabbatical years in the time of the First Temple is the Jubilee that the Babylonian Talmud (tractate Arakin 12a), and also the Seder Olam (chapter 11), say was the 17th and which began at the time that Ezekiel saw the vision the occupies the last nine chapters of his book. Another public reading of the Law, suggesting a Sabbatical year, took place in the third year of Jehoshaphat (2 Chronicles 17:7-9). Categories . 5663, 5670, 5677, 5684, 5691, 5698, 5705, 5712, 5719, 5726, 5733, 5740, 5747, 5754, 5761, 5768, and 5775 (which began today). In modern Israel, the Shmita is practiced by mainly Orthodox Jews now, and the government is not interested in enforcing the observance of the Shmita. [23], Some Haredi farmers do not avail themselves of this leniency and seek other pursuits during the Shmita year. shmita years since 1900jillian michaels hypothyroidism. The first Shmita year in the modern State of Israel was 19511952 (5712 in the Hebrew calendar). ); however, they don't appear to provide either a table of date spans or links to one or a general formula for determining the conversion to Gregorian/Western/Christian calendar dates. The problem, however, is that many translations of the Seder Olam render the phrase as "in the year after a Sabbatical year" or its equivalent. [1], During shmita, the land is left to lie fallow and all agricultural activity, including plowing, planting, pruning and harvesting, is forbidden by halakha (Jewish law). The Seder Olam uses the same phrase regarding a Sabbatical year for the destruction of both Temples, so that its testimony in this regard is important for dating the shemitot in both pre-exilic and post-exilic times. In Hebrew, shnat shmita literally means "a year let go." This is no lip-service concept for observant Jews, farmers, grocers and the rabbis who regulate the laws of kashrut. Assuming a 49-year cycle, the nearest Jubilee would have been in 721 BC, inconsistent with attempts to place a Jubilee after the Sabbatical year at this time. Sabbatical year. Many non-religious Israeli Jews do not observe these rules, although some non-religious farmers participate in the symbolic sale of land to non-Jews to permit their produce to be considered kosher and sellable to Orthodox Jews who permit the leniency. Personal debts are considered forgiven at sunset on 29 Elul. in Palestine", Last edited on 17 February 2023, at 21:39, "Jeremiah 34 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre", "Nehemiah 10 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre", "2 Chronicles 36 / Hebrew Bible in English / Mechon-Mamre", "As Farmers and Fields Rest, a Land Grows Restless", "Leviticus 25 / Hebrew Bible in English / Mechon-Mamre", "Israel looks to Cyprus as Jewish law orders land to remain fallow", https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/shmita-jewish-virtual-library, Shemittah | Shmita | Get ready for Shemittah Year 5768, "Israel's Top Court Backs Loophole in Farming Law", "Shmita Revolution: The Reclamation and Reinvention of the Sabbatical Year", "Genesis, Covenant, Jubilee, Shmitah and the Land Ethic", "As shmita ends, gardeners gear up for hard work", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shmita&oldid=1139986463. Yom HaKippurim, and the Seventh Agricultural Year (known in modern Hebrew as the "Shmita" year). A shmita occurs every seventh year, when the Torah states that no crops are to be grown on Jewish-owned lands in Israel. The Shearit Yisrael certifying organization, which subscribes to Minhag Chazon Ish, also buys from non-Jewish farmers in Israel, but labels the produce as such so that customers who keep Minhag Chazon Ish will treat these fruits and vegetables with appropriate sanctity. [58] In 2009 Leslie McFall, who is recognized in Finegan's Handbook of Biblical Chronology as the foremost living interpreter of Thiele's work,[59] agreed with Young's correction that moved dates for Jehoshaphat and the preceding kings of Judah up one year,[60] as have some other recent works by evangelicals and creationists studying this the field. [61][62][63] With this resolution to Thiele's problem, the year in which Jehoshaphat had the Law read to the people was 868/867. With Avodah this event is perfectly consolidated until the messianic vision of the reconstruction of Third Temple of Jerusalem. Others hold that it is rabbinically binding, since the Shmita only biblically applies when the Jubilee year is in effect, but the Sages of the Talmud legislated the observance of the Shmita anyway as a reminder of the biblical statute. Herod conquers Jerusalem on 10 Tishri (Day of Atonement) just after end of Sabbatical year 37/36 BCE. What is the Kashrut status of Sefichim harvested during Shmita? Why is this sentence from The Great Gatsby grammatical? Further, the reference of the Seder Olam to a Sabbatical year associated with Jehoiachin is in keeping with a Sabbatical year when the First Temple was burned a few years later, but the Seder Olam would be in conflict with itself if the phrase in chapter 30 was interpreted as saying that the burning was in a post-Sabbatical year. [29][30][31] Grapes that are on the vine can be taken, sufficient for ones immediate needs, but they cannot be pressed in a winepress, but only in a small tub. Are there tables of wastage rates for different fruit and veg? Since 1973, a Shmita Year, there has been a market crash and/or recession that has effected the globe every Sabbatical year since. Published by at 14 Marta, 2021. Could the passages in Isaiah 37 and 2 Kings 19 be referring to two voluntary fallow years? The Shemitah year (also spelled as Shmita) is a Sabbatical year also referred to as the seventh year. This day is the first day of Tishrei, the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar, which falls in Sept. - Oct. Rosh Hashanah 2021 to Oct 2022. His 25th year, the year in which Ezekiel saw his vision, is therefore determined as 574/573 BCE, i.e. The year 5775 in the Jewish calendar was a Shmita year - a special, one-in-seven kind of a year. The roughly 25 percent of Jewish-owned Israeli farmland that kept shmita seven years ago received a helping hand from an 80-year-old organization named Keren Hashviis (the Foundation for the Sabbath Year). Richard A. Parker and Waldo H. Dubberstein, The method described in the following table is based on, Andrew E. Steinmann, "When Did Herod the Great Reign?". However, the rabbis of the Mishna and Jerusalem Talmud imposed rabbinic ordinances on harvesters to ensure an orderly and equitable process and to prevent a few individuals from taking everything. When we bless God for our food, we draw the sanctity of the Land into our eating[39], All good and blessing are the life of Jewish people. They also devised a system, called otzar beit din, under which a rabbinical court supervised a communal harvesting process by hiring workers who harvested the fields, stored it in communal storage facilities, and distributed it to the community.[23]. The most recent Shmita year was 20212022 or Anno mundi 5782 in Hebrew calendar. @Gary The Hebrew calendar functions irrelevant of the Gregorian calendar. All debts, except those of foreigners, were to be remitted.[3]. For similar reasons, some authorities hold that if the Havdalah ceremony is performed using wine made from shevi'it grapes, the cup should be drunk completely and the candle should not be dipped into the wine to extinguish the flame as is normally done. In Sabbatical years, the Mosaic code specified that the Law was to be read to all the people (Deuteronomy 31:10-11). The last sabbath year was in 2014-2015 and the last yubilee-year was in 1972-1973. He assumes that the sabbatical ", C. F. Keil and Delitzsch F., Commentary on the Old Testament, 10 vols. By Judean reckoning, Jehoiachin's 37th year would then be 562/561 BCE. Ben Zion Wacholder, "The Calendar of Sabbatical Cycles During the Second Temple and the Early Rabbinic Period". Once there, the individual declares the produce in front of three people who do not live with him. Shmita a Torah commandment that requires croplands in Israel to lie fallow every seventh year (shmita means "release" in Hebrew) begins on Rosh Hashanah, at sundown on Wednesday, Sept. 24. Shmita is therefore abundance of Nature until it becomes holy. Unfortunately, this was not done, either by Zuckermann,[95] Wacholder,[96] or Finegan,[97] when citing the Seder Olam's testimony as decisive for their particular calendars of Sabbatical years. Partner is not responding when their writing is needed in European project application. [44] In 2000, Sefardic Chief Rabbi Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron withdrew religious certification of the validity of permits for the sale of land to non-Jews during the Shmita year following protests against his endorsement of the leniency by members of the Haredi community. The heter mechira was accepted by Modern Orthodox Judaism and is one of the classic examples of the Modern Orthodox approach toward adapting classical Jewish law to the modern world. The next Shmita falls in the Jewish year 5789, which begins on Sept. 20, 2028. [18] A Sabbatical year could not be fixed without the year of the Jubilee, since the Jubilee serves to break-off the 7 x 7-year cycle, before resuming its count once again in the 51st year. Just as the Torah calls for Jews to work six days and rest on the seventh, it calls for them to work the land six days and let it rest in the seventh. How to react to a students panic attack in an oral exam? With shmita, the sabbatical year for agriculture, just around the corner (beginning on Rosh Hashanah 5782, September 7, 2021), . It bears elaborating at this stage that shmita only applies to agriculture in the Land of Israel, nowhere else. Since 1900 these years have been: 5663, 5670, 5677, 5684, 5691, 5698, 5705, 5712, 5719, 5726, 5733, 5740, 5747, 5754, 5761, 5768, and 5775 (which began today). The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Under an otzar beit din, a community rabbinical court supervises harvesting by hiring workers to harvest, store, and distribute food to the community. Mi Yodeya is a question and answer site for those who base their lives on Jewish law and tradition and anyone interested in learning more. [75] A fuller discussion of the reasons that the Jubilee cycle was 49 years can be found in the Jubilee article, where it is pointed out that the known chronological methods of the Talmuds and the Seder Olam were incapable of correctly calculating the time between Josiah's 18th year and the 25th year of the captivity of Jehoiachin, indicating that these remembrances of Jubilees were historical, not contrived. These respective opinions are reflected in the way the various kashrut-certifying organizations publicize their Shmita and non-Shmita produce. The group is spending $66 million this year to subsidize Israeli farmers who aren't producing crops. Shmita, which literally means "release," is also called shabbat haaretz ("Sabbath of the land") and is currently being observed during year 5782 on the Hebrew calendar. Ezekiel also says it was 14 years after the city fell; 14 years before 574/573 BCE was 588/587 BCE, in agreement with "the 25th year of our captivity". [33][35][36] Had any of these been kept watch over in the courtyard of a house, their aftergrowths would be forbidden to eat in the Seventh Year. In contrast, no direct statements that a certain year was a Sabbatical year have survived from First Temple times and earlier. The statement of the Seder Olam in this regard is repeated in the Tosefta (Taanit 3:9), the Jerusalem Talmud (Ta'anit 4:5), and three times in the Babylonian Talmud (Arakin 11b, Arakin 12a, Ta'anit 29a). [85] This date is in agreement with Ben Zion Wacholder's chronology. Chapter 25 of the Book of Leviticus promises bountiful harvests to those who observe the shmita, and describes its observance as a test of religious faith. Nonetheless, Rabbinic Judaism has developed Halakhic (religious legal) devices to be able to maintain a modern agricultural and commercial system while giving heed to the biblical injunctions. Rabbi Ellen Bernstein, Shomrei Adamah's founder, is an author and feminist activist. By eating in holiness, one can experience the Noam HaElyon, "Divine Pleasantness", which is mainly found in the Holy Land. For those in the Diaspora, the Sabbatical year has two practical ramifications: a) Produce which is imported from Israel must have rabbinical certification, and is also subject to certain laws and restrictions due their sanctity. But during the seventh year, you must leave it alone and withdraw from it. In modern Israel, the Shmita is practiced by mainly Orthodox Jews now, and the government is not interested in enforcing the observance of the Shmita. Just as the weekly Sabbath is a day of rest for Jews, so is shmita supposed to be a year of rest for Jewish farmland. just after the Sabbatical year of 38/37, based on references to the activities of Mark Antony and Sosius, Herod's helpers, in Cassius Dio (49.23.12) and also on other considerations. 24) mentioned a Jubilee in Josiah's 18th year, 623/622 BCE. Babylonian records state that Amel-Marduk (the biblical Evil-Merodach) began to reign in October 562 BCE,[72] and 2 Kings 25:27 says that it was in the twelfth month of this accession year (Adar, 561 BCE) and in Jehoiachin's 37th year of captivity that Jehoiachin was released from prison. New vines cannot be planted. September 27, 2015 By Richard A. Volunteer 1966: Stock market collapse, Dow down 22%, Fed tightens, Vietnam War, protests 1973: Oil embargo (Oct) Yom Kippur War, Stocks down 45%, recession 1980: Inflation, Iran-Iraq war, Silver panic, 21% interest rates, Stocks crash, recession So for each of these, you want to find the Gregorian date for 1 Tishrei and 29 Elul. Subsequent to Wacholder's study, Yoram Tsafrir and Gideon Foerster published the results of archaeological excavations at Beth Shean in the Levant that verified a record from the Cairo Geniza that gave 749 CE as the year for the "Earthquake of the Sabbatical Year". Her books explore the intersection between Judaism and environmentalism in places ranging from holidays like Tu B'Shvat and Passover to the Torah. These two years we can use . To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. October 13th, 2022. According to Karo, such produce has no sanctity and may be used and/or discarded in the same way as any produce grown outside of Israel. (Under the reasoning of the heter mechira the shmita does not apply to land owned by non-Jews, so its produce does not have shevi'it sanctity. Release of slaves at beginning of the Sabbatical year 588/587 (Tishri 588). By Posted browning 725 pro sporting canada In tennis necklace swarovski . Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Most interpreters have simply relied on an existing translation, and that translation may have been unduly influenced by an attempt to make the translation consistent with the chronology of the geonim that placed the end of the Second Temple in a post-Sabbatical year. At least one study has addressed this problem, arguing from both a linguistic standpoint and from a study of related texts in the Seder Olam that the phrase ve-motsae sheviit should be translated as something close to "and in the latter part of a Sabbatical year", consistent with Guggenheimer's translation and Wacholder's calendar. He based his conclusion on the date of the biblical Flood as 4990 BC, added 7,000 years (based on 2 Peter 3:8 ), and determined this date. The land is then legally sold to a non-Jew for a large sum of money. [34] They permitted, however, to pick the fruits of trees that grow of themselves during the Seventh Year, for one's immediate needs, and to gather such vegetables and herbs that are not normally planted by humans, such as wild rue (Ruta chalepensis), either wild asparagus (Asparagus aphyllus) or amaranth (Amaranthus blitum var. The first relates to the fact that certain kinds of food become "holy" during the Shmita year. The Jubilee and Sabbatical year provided a long-term means for dating events, a fact that must have become obvious soon after the legislation was put into effect. Year of entry into the land: 1 Kings 6:1 and Joshua 5:6. What are the exact Shmita dates (in Gregorian) since 1900 or a general formula for determining the dates? The Israel Supreme Court, however, ordered the Chief Rabbinate to rescind its ruling and to devise a single national ruling. Therefore, Isaiah was truly providing a sign to Hezekiah that God would save the city of Jerusalem, as explicitly stated, and not an injunction concerning the Sabbath (shmita) or jubilee (yovel) years, which are not mentioned at all in the passage. According to di Trani, the fact that this produce was grown in Israel, even by non-Jews, gives it sanctity, and it must be treated in the special ways detailed above. Rabbi Kook explained in a lengthy responsum that the ideal is not to rely on the leniency of heter mechira, but rather to observe shmita according to all opinions. he considered that a Sabbatical year started in Tishri of 38 BCE. All during this one Shmita year. [citation needed], The otzar beit din system is structured in such a way that biur remains the responsibility of members of individual households and hence warehoused produce does not have to be moved to a public place or reclaimed at the biur time. ( Shmita /Shemetah) or 7th- Year Sabbatical rest BUT on the 27 th September 2022 will begin a NEW 7-Year cycle. However, this approach has not been universally accepted in the Orthodox community and has met with opposition, particularly from Haredi poskim (authorities of Jewish law). It think you are confusing the Gregorian CALENDAR with the Christian (or "common") ERA. September 17, 1917 - September 6 1918 Jubilee - Balfour Declaration. Why do many companies reject expired SSL certificates as bugs in bug bounties? A sabbath year ( shmita) is mentioned several times in the Hebrew Bible by name or by its pattern of six years of activity and one of rest: Book of Exodus: "You may plant your land for six years and gather its crops. Wacholder gives the dates of post-exilic Sabbatical years in the following table:[87]. Zuckermann interpreted the Seder Olam text as stating that this happened in a year after a Sabbatical year, thus placing a Sabbatical in 68/69 CE. Do the same with your vineyard and olive grove" (Exodus 23:11). Why does Mister Mxyzptlk need to have a weakness in the comics? An analysis by respected posek and former Sephardic Chief Rabbi Ovadiah Yosef in his responsa Yabi'a Omer (Vol. The event was organized by Keren Hashviis, an organization that is the engine of the shmita movement. Biur only applies to produce that has shevi'it sanctity. [26], Tractate Shevi'it, the fifth tractate of Seder Zeraim ("Order of Seeds") of the Mishnah, deals with the laws of leaving the fields of the Land of Israel to lie fallow every seventh year; the laws concerning which produce may, or may not be eaten during the Sabbatical year; and with the cancellation of debts and the rabbinical ordinance established to allow a creditor to reclaim a debt after the Sabbatical year. As per the Bible in Exodus 23:10-11, "Six years you shall sow your land and gather in its produce, but the seventh year you shall let it rest and lie fallow, that the poor of your people may eat; and what they leave, the beasts of the field may eat.In like manner, you shall do with your vineyard and your olive grove." Shmita was also discussed in Leviticus 25:20-22, Deuteronomy 15:1 . This is a concept that we as Jews don't deal with at all during non-Shmita years. The shmita year serves as a reminder that the Land of Israel was given to the Jewish people and that they are responsible for taking care of it with the land's best interests at heart, rather than exploiting the land endlessly for profit. If a 50-year Jubilee cycle is assumed, the nearest Jubilee would be 724/723, and then assuming that a Sabbatical cycle began in the year following a Jubilee, neither 701/700 nor 700/699 would be a Sabbatical year. Ptolemy slays the brethren of. Therefore, it is not plausible that the word "shabbath" could refer to the first day of Hag HaMazoth, as the Rabbis claim it does in . @Gary Unrelatedly, Gregorian dating didn't start everywhere in 1582. The tractate comprises ten chapters in the Mishna and eight in the Tosefta and has thirty-one folio pages of Gemara in the Jerusalem Talmud. 4), though Ibn Ezra .
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