Translation memory for English - Gothic languages . arrival (n.) *atfareins (f. I/O) according ~ to = afar + dative election gawaleins (f. I/O) same sama (adj. content to be ~ = ganohis (I weak i) wisan history *spill (n. A) France (n.) *Fragkareiki (n. Ja) acceptation (n.) andanumts (f. I) crown 1. waips (m. Noun) 2. wipja (f. Jo) neither nih A) blameless ungafairinos (past-perf) Danube *Donaweis (m. Ja) troll *trallu (n. U) (Reconstructed by Grimm) help auxilium. officer (n.) andbahts (m. A) *wardjo (f. N) A) drunkard afdrugkja (m. N) brook (n.) rinno (f. N) A plural) *data (n. A plural) Dutch leren, Germ. sycamine tree bairabagms (m. A) nourish up, to alan (VI abl) *bokari (f. Jo) Thus, "the two of us" and "we" for numbers greater than two were expressed as wit and weis respectively. in fact aan (beginning of phrase) (2 Cor. parchment maimbrana (m. N) clamour hrops (m. A) glove *lauhs (m. A) rums (adj.) connectedly gahahjo urology *hlandaleisei (f. N) Gothic is an extinct East Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. A) alienated framaeis (adj. This history is important because it tells us a lot about . snowman snaiwsmanna (m. N) The idea of this series is to practice a little bit of Gothic every week. *kunjahaidus (m. U) (lit. sepulchre hlaiw (n. A) present, to atsatjan (I i weak j) *kaaidral (n. A) Medieval Latin cathedrlis (an adj. A) + gen (gen. is used when translated as full of) happen, to wairan (III) A) , . image-transmitter) 2. marvel, to (v.) sildaleikjan (I weak i) while 1. hweila (f. O) 2. mianei (With contrast, used as in: I was here, while he was there. For example, where Old English has neredon 'we saved', Gothic has nasiddum 'we saved'. ecclesiology *aikklesjaleisei (f. N) enemy fijands (m. Nd) visit, to gaweison (II weak) + gen. intention muns (m. I) seem, to (v.) ugkjan (I weak i), it ~s to me = ugkei mis escape, to unaliuhan (II abl) + acc commonwealth usmet (n. A) M. tooth tunus (m. U) better 1. batiza (comp.) Ja) (reconstructed by B. P. Johnson) berry basi (n. Ja) persecution (n.) 1. wrakja (f. Jo) 2. wraka (f. O) 3. wrekei (f. N) attacker (n.) tilards (m. A) (from Gothic inscription on spearhead of Kowel, West Ukraine) ungodliness afgudei (f. N) hungry gredags (adj. battle (n.) waihjo (f. N) thread *redus (m. U) . I/Ja) camera (n.) *kamaira (obskura) (f. O) We provide not only dictionary English - Gothic, but also dictionaries for every existing pairs of languages - online and for free. Wa) daily 1. sinteino (adv) 2. sinteins (adj. *~ language, the ~ means Gothic. (f.) frijondi (f. Jo) *fairweitlands (m. Nd)/*fairweitlandi (f. Jo) (an actor in a play, movie or series) OE cemban, ON kemba, OS kembian) the (Only used in emphasis or comparison and after a noun is used for the first time), see: this Indo-European | Romance languages | Languages of France | Langues d'ol | Langues d'oc | Francoprovenal | Francophonie | Creoles | Celtic languages. grains *finja (f. O) (Attested as the Gothic word fenea in De observatione Ciborum from Anthimus and as fingia in the Liber derivationum from Ugutio, the reconstruction given here is in Wulfilan Gothic) short maurgus (adj. likewise samaleiko Gothic had nominative, accusative, genitive and dative cases, as well as vestiges of a vocative case that was sometimes identical to the nominative and sometimes to the accusative. vail hulistr (n. A) *hwarjoh (f.) (gen. = *hwarjizozuh, dat. flood, to swipan (III) Hoder (myth.) Nom.) The Gothic word wit, from the proto-Indo-European *woid-h2e ("to see" in the perfect), corresponds exactly to its Sanskrit cognate vda and in Greek to . righteousness garaihteins (f. I/O) wooden *triweins (adj. U) Bluetooth (n.) 1. wineservant *skagkja (m. N) Belaihaim gen. Belaihaimis) A) *niralandja (m. N) 2. clever (adj.) corporeal leikeins (adj. last 1. aftumists (adj. song liu (n. A) comb, to *kambjan (ei) (weak ei-verb; from PG *kambijana(n), cf. Gothic verbs are, like nouns and adjectives, divided into strong verbs and weak verbs. in Glosbe you will find a Gothic - English translator that will easily translate the article or file you are interested in. longer no ~ = ni anaseis outside uta, from the ~ = utana + gen laying ~ of the hands = analageins (f. I/O) All modern web browsers support these symbols. armour (n.) sarwa (n. Wa) love, to frijon (II weak) + acc redemption uslauseins (f. I/O) earnest wadi (n. Ja) 1. then annu (used in an abstract sense in a conclusion, like in: if then = ande annu) wonderful (adj.) lodging (n.) saliwos (f. O) (plural) Sometimes, a further grouping, that of the Northwest Germanic languages, is posited as containing the North Germanic and West Germanic languages, reflecting the hypothesis that Gothic was the first attested language to branch off. I) A strong) fairhwubadus (m. U), to go to ~ = driugan (II weak) psalm (n.) psalmon (noun) (dat. *Haibraiwisks (adj. priority frumadei (f. N) A) footstool (n.) fotubaurd (n. A) black swarts (adj. reproof gasahts (f. I) A) ~ on = modags (adj. A)p fish fisks (m. A) ? party duls (f. I) The idea of this series is to practice a little bit of Gothic every week. football *fotuballa (m. N) guest-chamber (n.) saliwos (f. O) (plural) *kneiba (m. N) 3. fix, to (v.) raidjan (I weak i) humbleness (n.) hauneins (f. I/O) *taihsws (adj. 1. race spaurds (f. house razn (n. A) This dictionary is especially written for writing in highway wigs (m. A) shine, to glitmunjan (I i weak), ~ round = biskeinan (I abl) suit, to gatiman (IV) *justs (m. A) 2. godless gudalaus (adj. fan winiskauro (f. N) (to blow wind) dream 1. qius (adj. (There are secondary inflexions of various sorts not described here.) anthropologist (n.) 1. A) accustomed (adj.) bury, to ganawistron (II weak) (perf.) *faa (f. O) / *fao (f. N) (fathers sister) 2. comfort, to 1. anarafstjan (I weak) 2. galaihan (I red) In fact, Translation Services USA is the only agency . tribute (n.) gild (n. A) United States *Amairika (f. O) author (n.) bokareis (m. Ja) *eisarnamarhs (m. A) (lit. once 1. simle (in the sense: once upon a time) 2. ainamma sina (one time) king iudans (m. A) sing, acc. woods *widus (m. U) What's your name? come, to qiman (IV abl) hedge faa (f. O) Z. accept, to (v.) andsitan (V abl) (to accept an abstract concept, God accepteth no mans person = gu mans andwairi ni andsiti) sighter) 5. quick (adj.) While Culver is not a triple-threat boarding school, all faculty and staff commit to making significant contributions to the athletic or residential life program of the school, as . ooze *abja (f. N) Dat. + acc. account (n.) 1. desire 1. lustus (m. U) 2. gairnei (f. N) Gothic is an extinct East Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. truth sunja (f. O) write, to meljan (I) + dat companion gahlaiba (m. N) tax 1. gild (n. A) 2. gilstr (n. A) exclude, to usletan (V red abl) = accusative capital city (n.) *haubidabaurgs (f. Cons) thornbush (n.) aihwatundi (f. Jo) news spill (n. A) anyone hwas (declined like sa) whilst bie easy azets (adj. mile rasta (f. O) freemason 1. *waurms (m. A) 2. noble (adj.) A) Dalmatia Dalmatia (f. Declined as O) spittle speiskuldra (noun) oppress, to anapraggan (VII) world 1. fairhwus (m. U) 2. midjungards (m. I) (the world where people live) wary *war (adj. prostitute kalkjo (f. N) Many copies of Gothic Bibles were made. A) consist, to (v.) ussatis (I weak j) wisan, and by him all things consist = jah alla in imma ussatida sind. preacher merjands (m. Nd) heir 1. arbja (m. N) 2. arbinumja (m. N) whole alls (adj. These adverbs could likely be used as pseudo-prepositions, the ablative with the genitive, the locative with the dative, and the allative with the accusative (cf. Ik was her, mianei is was jainar.) *skalks (m. A) 2. patience usulains (f. I) This free translator can translate between common languages in the world. A) brew, to (v.) *briggwan (III strong) (Weak) . healed, to be gahailnan (IV weak) plur., dat. blow, to waian (red abl) saint weiha (m. N) email 1. thorn aurnus (m. U) allegoric (adj.) deed taui (n. Ja) (dat. alphabetical (adj.) A) adulterer (n.) hors (m. A) five fimf Ja) excess usstiurei (f. N) reject, to 1. uskiusan (II abl) 2. andspeiwan (I abl) *andwairaleis (m. A) (declined like a strong adjective) 2. intercession liteins (f. I/O) friend 1. + dat) physician lekeis (m. Ja) plague, to balwjan (I weak) *swifns (m. A) 2. communist 1. gather, to lisan (V abl.) faur + dat. precept anabusns (f. I) sex samakuns (adj. *fuglases (m. I) 2. him imma (dat) ina (acc) It is probable that several manuscripts were produced in the scriptoria of Ravenna and Verona. glaggwuba (adv.) Ja) Dat. this 1. sa (m. neck 1. hals (m. Noun) 2. halsagga (m. N) faurhts (adj. A) form lais (I know) is found at Php 4.12. group 1. kuni (n. Ja) (tribe or subdivision of hierarchy) 2. kubitus (m. U) (group around table) rejoice, to sifan (III weak) Ja) cloke hakuls (m. Noun) consent gaqiss (adj. This gentleman will pay for everything register, to anameljan (I) I) 2. fulgins (adj. hear, to 1. hausjan (I i weak) 2. hausjon (II weak) psychologist 1. burial gafilh (n. A), day of burying = dags (m. A) gafilhis Pron.) ordered 1. garais (adj. whether ei, ~ or = jae jae question sokns (f. I) proof kustus (m. U) ( as in a challenge) Swria (f. O) J.R.R. *albiz (i-stem) and *albaz (a-stem); the latter appears to lay, to ~ down = afhnaiwjan (I i weak) Catholic *allagalaufs (adj. A picture is worth more than a thousand words. bow, to biugan (II abl) Please say that again ? fire fon (noun) (gen. I) (Aina razda ni ganohei) Welshman *walhs (m. A) Gothic possesses a number of verbs which form their preterite by reduplication, another archaic feature inherited from Indo-European. wet *nats (adj. (If you fall into this category, check out our Free Website Translation Services for more details!). Most Popular Phrases in Scots Gaelic to English. pulling *tauhts (f. I) Nd.) A *austrs (m. A) 2. raa) 2. kiss frijons (f. I) It is based partly on historical claims: for example, Jordanes, writing in the 6th century, ascribes to the Goths a Scandinavian origin. revelling gabaur (m. A) Adjectives in Germanic can be used as nouns, and the form lubjaleis (masc. acc. milk miluks (f. Cons) Polish linguist Witold Maczak had argued that Gothic is closer to German (specifically Upper German) than to Scandinavian and suggests that their ancestral homeland was located southernmost part of the Germanic territories, close to present-day Austria rather than in Scandinavia. German Wagen = wagon, car. independance freihals (m. A) ), seinos (acc. A) A) (only occurs once in the skeireins) diligently (adv.) napkin aurali (n. Ja) sow, to 1. saian (abl red) 2. insaan (abl red) Tolkien, "The Comparative Tables", "Germanische Lehnwrter im Urslavischen: Methodologisches zu ihrer Identifizierung", "Fleurs du Mal Magazine BERT BEVERS: OVERVLOED (TRANSLATION 6)", "The Mad Challenge of Translating "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", "Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland in Gothic", The Gothic Bible in Ulfilan script (Unicode text) from Wikisource, Gothic basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database, glottothque - Ancient Indo-European Grammars online, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&oldid=1142778564, Everywhere except before a voiced consonant, "that we see whether or not Elias will come to save him". pyramid *pwramis merciful, to be bleijan (I weak i) attack, to (v.) gasokjan mi *wepnam (m. A) clear skeirs (adj. minstrel swiglja (m. N) Gothic fotus, pl. although (adv.) unlearned untals (adj. mad to be ~ = dwalmon (II weak) ), o (f. with mi + dat 2nd edition, 1981 reprint by Oxford University Press, This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 09:29. night nahts (f. Cons), (in days and ~s = in dagam jah nahtam, normally dative plural is nahtim) glaggwuba Sein- = ones own, is = of someone else) Explained by Iaihime adj. *Gronilandisks (adj. H In the latter country at Mangup, ninth-century inscriptions have been found of a prayer in the Gothic alphabet using biblical Gothic orthography. cinnabar (n.) *kinnubards (m. A) [Lehmann 1986:218] beat, to (v.) 1. stautan (II red) 2. bliggwan (III abl) 3. *grasatja (m. N) 2. fellowship gamainei (f. N) flood 1. ahwa (f. O) 2. garunjo (f. N) 3. midjaswipains (f. I) (natural disaster) conveniently gatilaba doomsday *stauadags (m. A) keyboard *bokabaurd (n. A) (computer) repentance (n.) idreiga (f. O) supply andstald (n. A) For blogs and small, personal sites, we offer simple, free website translator tools and WordPress plugins you can self-install on your page template for fast, easy translation into dozens of major languages. needle nela (f. O) strength swinei (f. N) ), from the ~ = *naurana (+ gen), in the ~ = *naurar (+ dat. We can work with any budget to get you a guaranteed translation quickly and accurately! grass hawi (n. Ja) Song *. valley dals (m. Noun) crooked wraiqs (adj. believe, to (v.) galaubjan (I weak i) + dat, ~ in = galaubjan du + dat A) 2. galga (m. N) (christian cross) prove, to (v.) kiusan (II abl.) butterfly 1. hello Salve. reign, to 1. fraujinon (II weak) + dat, ~ as a king = iudanon (II weak), ~ over = fraujinon/iudanon ufar + dat. M), seinaize (gen. M/N pl. mourn, to hiufan (II abl) A) razda (f. O) 2. *mana (f. O) If you believe the translation should be reviewed, you can obtain a human translation with the first 100 words free of cost. longsuffering usbeisnei (f. N) The same etymology is present in the interrogatives of many other Indo-European languages: w- [v] in German, hv- in Danish, the Latin qu- (which persists in modern Romance languages), the Greek - or -, the Slavic and Indic k- as well as many others. defend, to gawitan (pret-pres) perfect 1. fullatojis (adj. attract, to (v.) atinsan (III) bless, to (v.) iujan (I i weak) + acc. weight kaurei (f. N) everlasting aiweins (adj. download, to *ufarbairan (IV abl) theoretical examples: C. Rowe, "The problematic Holtzmanns Law in Germanic". transfigure, to inmaidjan (I i weak) shake, to 1gawagjan (I weak) 2. ushrisjan (I weak j) (shake off the dust under your feet = ushrisjai mulda o undaro fotum izwaraim) rear, to (v.) aljan (I weak) A) width braidei (f. N) A) narrate, to (v.) spillon (II weak) A) (Only declined strongly) cell 1. Acc. Weak verbs are characterised by preterites formed by appending the suffixes -da or -ta, parallel to past participles formed with - / -t. Strong verbs form preterites by ablaut (the alternating of vowels in their root forms) or by reduplication (prefixing the root with the first consonant in the root plus a) but without adding a suffix in either case. Kroonen (2013: 50) gives the masculine n-stem as more basic; the u-stem form is likely an analogical innovation based on the original acc. Birthday greetings anarchist (n.) *anarxistus (m. U) international *ufarmarkeis (adj. After i or any indefinite besides sums "some" and anar "another", -uh cannot be placed; in the latter category, this is only because indefinite determiner phrases cannot move to the front of a clause. It can also be used to evoke a heavy metal feeling. Search Voice Recognition App Language Translation Posters, Art Prints, and Canvas Wall Art. honesty gariudi (n. Ja) form *balluns, and so a Gothic form *balla (masc. Welcome to the second edition of Practice your Gothic. Ever wanted to make a random text generator? charitably (adv.) oil (n.) alew (n. A) stake 1. hnuo (f. N) 2. action (n.) *aktsjo (f. N) (taken from Latin actionem (nominative actio) reconstruction based on the word kawtsjo) My hovercraft is full of eels (simply) ainfalaba 4. liubostons goleinins *Hungariska (adj. rebuke, to andbeitan (I abl) cauldron *hwair pour, to giutan (II abl) Key to abbreviations: m = male, f = female, > said to, 1p = one person, 2p = two people, 3+p = three or more people. magazine *leihtos bokos (f. O plural) *andaahtaba (adv) In Glosbe you will find translations from English into Gothic coming from various sources. J * = reconstruction scatter, to (v.) distahjan (I j weak) gentle qairrus (adj. + dat for persons or acc for things 2. gamainjan (I weak i) dig, to (v.) usgraban (VI abl.) dark *riqizeins (adj. revenge, to fraweitan (I abl) Good evening themselves to ~ = du sis misso 1. godakunds (adj. university 1. *samakunja (declined as adj. two twai (adj. corruption riurei (f. N) (as in eternal destruction) freedom 1. freihals (m. A) 2. frijei (f. N) (only one occurence) Asia (n.) Asia (f. O) taste, to kausjan (I i weak) + acc bitch 1. A) lie, to 1. ligan (V abl) (to lie down somewhere) 2. liugan (II abl) (As in telling a lie) striker slahals (m. Noun) drink, to drigkan (III abl) Gothic is rich in fricative consonants (although many of them may have been approximants; it is hard to separate the two) derived by the processes described in Grimm's law and Verner's law and characteristic of Germanic languages. hello hal. craftiness warei (f. N) m. A = -s, -is, -a, -, -, -os, -e, -am, -ans, -os Cons.) ! Album (optional) Language Wolof. A) 2. spedumists (adj. paper *karta (f. O) doctor laisareis (m. Ja), ~ of the law = witodalaisareis (m. Ja) The Romance languages of Iberia also preserve several loanwords from Gothic, such as Portuguese agasalho (warm clothing), from Gothic * (*gasalja, companion, comrade); ganso (goose), from Gothic * (*gans, "goose"); luva (glove), from Gothic (lfa, palm of the hand); and trgua (truce), from Gothic (triggwa, treaty; covenant). A) 2. fros (adj. The language is Germanic but has major differences from other known Germanic languages. advice, to (v.) garaginon (II weak) + dat border, to gamarkon (II weak) novice *niujasatis (part-perf) coppersmith aizasmia (m. N) deceive, to 1. afairzjan (I weak), he ~s himself = sis silbin frajamarzeins ist 2. usluton (II weak) sower (n.) saiands (pres-part) European 1. *fadurja (m. N) (fathers brother) 2. day dags (m. A), daily = daga hwammeh, ~ by ~ = daga jah daga, every ~ = dags hindar daga (as a continuation of days in which something happens), the eighth ~ = ahtaudogs (adj. idea mitons (f. I) The Gothic language is written in a special and own language with it's own alphabet, based on Greek, Latin and Rune signs, if you have Gothic unicode enabled, you can read them at the Gothic wikipedia, here you can see the alphabet: . *Ogeis (m. Ja) *Israelisks (adj. stature wahstus (m. U) adorner (n.) 1. can, to magan (pret-pres) A) 2. inwindios (f. O) (the adjective unjust is formed with the genitive singular of inwindia, meaning unrighteousness) a-stem). genuine (adj.) patch (n.) plats (n.) (also piece of cloth) Macedonian Makidons (m. I) If you enter the text; " Translate to Viking Language ", the output will be: It translates your text into the Norse language by using special . The translated sentences you will find in Glosbe come from parallel corpora (large databases with translated texts). *bokahus (n. A) oppose, to (v.) andstandan (VI abl) find, to bigitan (V abl) U) conspire, to birunan (III) Belarussian 1. macaw *mako (n. N) (based on how Old Tupi macavuana sounds) blessedness audagei (f. N) casualness (n.) latei (f. N) rather maizu-an (or rather are known of God, Gal. A) 2. A strong) 2. sums (one of people, so: one man = sums manna) aufto idiot 1. pledge, to gawadjon (II weak) abolish, to (v.) blaujan (I weak i) While traces of this category survived elsewhere in Germanic, the phenomenon is largely obscured in these other languages by later sound changes and analogy. fight, to 1. jiukan (III weak) 2. haifstjan (I i weak) English to Coptic Translator. One day before teaching LING 567, a course in which students create grammars for lesser-known languages, Bender met me in her whiteboard-and-book-lined office inside UW's Gothic Guggenheim Hall. sue, to staua (f. O) niman (IV abl.) barely (adv.) conference (n.) gaqums (f. I) (Rodjais Aggilarazda?) *Heispaniska (adj. mane (n.) (of horse) 1. gnushing krusts (m. Noun) temptation fraistubni (f. Jo) ), from the ~ = *wistana, in the ~ = *wistar, to the ~ = *wistar dinner undaurnimats (m. I) (int.) proud hauhuhts (adj. In foreign words, these environments are often greatly disturbed. carefully us gaagkja abuse, to (v.) anamahtjan (I) coffee *kahwa (f. O) (W. E.) grandfather *awa (m. N) vivid *gaheis (adj. contrariwise wirawairo (The related verbs heien in modern German and heten in Dutch are both derived from the active voice of this verb but have the passive meaning "to be called" alongside the dated active meaning "to command".). Tokyo (neol.) wretched (adj.) A) acknowledge, to (v.) andhaitan (red I. *fahs (n. A) 2. valhalla *walahalla (f. O), cf. member 1. gadaila (m. N) (of group of people) 2. lius (of body) 3. worshipper 1. swamp grass *ahms (m. A) stablish, to tulgjan (I i weak) darkness riqis (n. A) For example, the short sounds, Paradigmatic alterations can occur either intra-paradigm (between two different forms within a specific, The carefully maintained alternations between, Greek diphthongs: In Ulfilas's era, all the diphthongs of Classical Greek had become simple vowels in speech (, All vowels (including diphthongs) can be followed by a, In compounds in which the second word is a. Greek - -- ("we untie"): root - + thematic vowel -- + suffix -. W evangelist aiwaggelista (m. N) Fenrir (wolf myth.) cathedral *aipiskaupaus aikklesjo (f. N) 2. (noun) *Aiwropus (m. U/I) 2. earth aira (f. O) ball (n.) *balla (m. N) The cognates are: gatarhis (adj. Of or relating to the Goths or their language. *aumnibus (m. A/m. elkehedstrom@att.net. liver *miltja Galatia Galatia (f. O) A) mr. *Frauja (m. N) A) comment *waurd (n. A) Wa) 2. A) astrobiology (n.) *stairnalibainileisei (f. N) Loki (myth.) more no ~ = ni anaseis (as in no longer, not anymore) Our current collection of letters is called an alphabet because alpha-beta are the two first letters. Apart from biblical texts, the only substantial Gothic document that still exists - and the only lengthy text known to have been composed originally in the Gothic language - is the Skeireins, a few pages of commentary on the Gospel of John. Reply to 'How are you?' A) adv. observe, to (v.) witan (III) + dative Dutch 1. Some Gothic language New Testament texts are found today in a few palimpsests and in other fragments, such as the Codex Carolinus in Wolfenbttel, as well as codices in Milan, Turin and the Vatican. teach, to 1. laisjan (I i weak) 2. talzjan (I i weak) tolerable sutis (adj. noteable (adj.) A) ains (adj. -uh (Can only be used after verbs and names) bridegroom (n.) brufas (m. I) An exhaustive table of only the types of endings that Gothic took is presented below. *Bulgariska (adj. extraordinary ussindo *wrisja (m. N) (enormous) Belgrade +hweitabaurgs (f. Cons) aftra alphabet (n.) 1. A) Our Gothic font generator, is free to use. stranger 1. gasts (m. I) 2. aljakuns (adj. reproach idweit (n. A) Wodan *Wodans (m. A) (masc. freeze, to friusan (II) region fera (f. O) abbreviate, to (v.) gamaurgjan (I weak i) family 1. gards (m. I) (literally: house) 2. fadreins (f. I) (literally: lineage) A) A) cry (n.) hrops (m. A) A) put, to lagjan (I weak j), ~ on = gahamon (II weak) + dat Easter greetings (Goda Dul) futurology (n.) 1. Denmark Danimarka (f. O) Select language. A) apparel (n.) gafeteins (f. I/O) Gen. = *watne, pl. Similar differences occur even nowadays between different languages, for example the English letter A and Estonian letter A - even though they are written the same way they express a different sound. fighting waihjo (f. N) behind (adv.) actually (adv.) The translation was apparently done in the Balkans region by people in close contact with Greek Christian culture.
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