Ozkaya, O.; Balci, G.A. [. [. "The Wingate Anaerobic Test, a Narrative Review of the Protocol Variables That Affect the Results Obtained" Applied Sciences 11, no. ; Jacobs, I. Cost Time Facility Requirements Equipment Requirements Skill Level of Person Administering the Test Validity - the accuracy of the results. The test measures the peak anaerobic power produced in the beginning of the test, mean anaerobic capacity produced over the entire 30-second period, as well as . Test marketing advantages and disadvantages Rating: 9,8/10 1151 reviews Test marketing, also known as pilot testing or trial marketing, is the process of introducing a new product or service in a small, controlled environment before . It is also important to take into account that, depending on the subjects level of physical condition, speciality or genetics, etc., the duration may also need to be varied. ; Duggan, A. Souissi, N.; Sesbo, B.; Gauthier, A.; Larue, J.; Davenne, D. Effects of one nights sleep deprivation on anaerobic performance the following day. The sign test is explained in Section 14.5. Lavoie, N.; Dallaire, J.; Brayne, S.; Barrett, D. Anaerobic testing using the Wingate and Evans-Quinney protocols with and without toe stirrups. Odland, L.M. [, Most of the studies that explored this issue have small sample sizes, which, as a result, may have little power to detect any statistical significance (at an a priori alpha level of 0.05), when in fact, there may be a real effect. Advantages of the Internet: The internet is perhaps one of the best inventions thus far. Janot, J.M. These advantages make it possible to use the Wingate test for the sedentary (6), athletes (7,8), children (9), Mendez-Villanueva, A.; Bishop, D.; Hamer, P. Reproducibility of a 6-s maximal cycling sprint test. If the subject feels ill or goes quiet or pale, they should get off the bike and lie down with their feet resting on a chair. Effect of caffeine on sprint cycling in experienced cyclists. Real and perceived effects of caffeine on sprint cycling in experienced cyclists. Advantages & Disadvantages of the Cardiorespiratory Endurance Test. Anaerobic capacity is the total work completed during the test duration. The most impressive advantage of wind energy is that it is a form of renewable energy, which means we never run out of supply. The Turing Test comes with many advantages. Standard anaerobic tests. Reliability and validity of a 20-s alternative to the wingate anaerobic test in team sport male athletes. Advantages of WANT :- * It is simple , common & relevant. Edwards, A.M.; Dutton-Challis, L.; Cottrell, D.; Guy, J.H. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. ; Green, J.M. In the arm ergometer stress test, the patient can sit or stand while cranking the arm ergometer. Wingate ANaerobic cycle Test. WU Wingate. , between homogeneous groups of elite male and female runners competing at distances ranging from 100 m to the marathon. Being able to assess an athlete's power output is an incredibly useful . ; German, R.E. ABSTRACT The Wingate anaerobic test can be used in an exercise training program as a powerful training stimulus for producing metabolic and performance enhancements. Dekerle, J.; Vanhatalo, A.; Burnley, M. Determination of critical power from a single test. Fischer, H.; Esbjrnsson, M.; Sabina, R.L. The magnetic cyclo-ergometer provides clearly different performance measurements, albeit giving rise to WAT results that may be used to evaluate anaerobic fitness [, Ozkaya O. et al. Tossavainen, M; Nummela, A; Paavolainen, L; Mero, A; Rusko, H (1996). McLellan, T.M. Hachana, Y.; Attia, A.; Nassib, S.; Shephard, R.J.; Chelly, M.S. Don't list all of your advantages/disadvantages in one paragraph. The participant should begin cycling at 60rpm for approximately 10-seconds with no weight. ; Signorelli, G.R. Olek, R.; Ziemann, E.; Grzywacz, T.; Kujach, S.; Luszczyk, M.; Antosiewicz, J.; Laskowski, R. A single oral intake of arginine does not affect performance during repeated Wingate anaerobic test. ; Garca-Lpez, J.; Chamari, K.; Crdova, A.; Hue, O.; Villa, J.G. Before we look at the Wingate test in a little more detail, what exactly is anaerobic power? Load optimization for the Wingate Anaerobic Test. Eur. If you answer them differently, you risk losing many easy marks. J Sports Sci Med 14: 834-840. The WAT involves performing a 30 s "all-out" cycling test. CLT score code: not needed. Nummela, A.; Alberts, M.; Rijntjes, R.P. Testing and measurement are the means of collecting information upon which subsequent performance evaluations and decisions are made.In the analysis, we need to consider factors influence the results.. 1996). Taking these variables into account, it appears that bicarbonate, creatine and caffeine may have a positive effect on WAT performance. The problem is that there are 2 different types of advantages and disadvantages essays, each requiring a different approach. Wingate tests are used in the measurement of peak anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity in short, high-intensity exercise. Ballmann, C.G. Once the test is over, some subjects may react to the previous exertion. ; De Oliveira, C.G. Can. Thus, anaerobic component of exercise in this test can be attributed to the ATP-PC, anaerobic metabolism. Subjects were tested for peak power (PP, 5-second output) and mean power . Cuenca, E.; Jodra, P.; Prez-Lpez, A.; Gonzlez-Rodrguez, L.G. However, today, most authors carry out the test with stopped output, as cyclo-ergometers and data collection systems are very different. Miller, J.M. Lakomy, H.K.A. Once you feel the pulse, count the number of beats that you feel in 10 seconds. [, Lastly, it is important to note that improvements in WAT results with caffeine supplementation are observed in both trained and untrained subjects. In addition to the outcomes experienced by different methodologies, ergometer type has also been We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Body paragraph 2 should state the disadvantages of the topic. You seem to have javascript disabled. The Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) has been used extensively to evaluate performance in soccer, however, a comprehensive sport-specific normative database has not been available so far. As this test only requires the participant to cycle at maximal effort for 30-seconds, its simplicity and time-effectiveness means it is an extremely popular testing protocol. Calbet, J.A.L. Thus, the results are important for talent identification or monitoring of training progress in track sprint cyclists. Cross-validation of the 20- versus 30-s Wingate anaerobic test. Reiser, R.F. Requires fitness and coordination. Evans, J.; Quinney, H. Determination of resistance settings for anaerobic power testing. ; Tarnopolsky, M.A. Petr, M.; Stastny, P.; Pecha, O.; teffl, M.; eda, O.; Kohlkov, E. Correction: PPARA Intron Polymorphism Associated with Power Performance in 30-s Anaerobic Wingate Test. Effects of Beetroot juice supplementation on a 30-s high-intensity inertial cycle ergometer test. We do not accept any responsibility for the administration or provision of any testing conducted, whether that results in any positive or negative consequences. Reduces the number of times the software needs to be repaired. Tossavainen, M.; Nummela, A.; Paavolainen, L.; Mero, A.; Rusko, H. Comparison of two maximal anaerobic cycling tests. Wingate University (704) 233-8000. Another good thing about working from home is that you. The first study into suitable resistance for the test was the one carried out by Evans et al. The WAT requires pedalling with lower or upper limbs for 30 s, at maximum speed and against constant resistance. IELTS advantages & disadvantages question sample. Strength Cond. Test marketing advantages and disadvantages. ; Rishaug, P.; Svedahl, K. Assessment of peak power and short-term work capacity. The Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAT) has been widely used since its creation in 1974. It uses the GDP (Generic Discovery Protocol) to discover the existence of WinGate Servers on the local network, and once discovered it communicates directly with the WinGate server via the Winsock Redirector . The aim of this review is to analyse the variables of the protocol that affect the result in the application of the WAT. See further details. And exactly what more fascinating for many who, who wish to make a zero cost of fee club right here, this technique cost really about any . 1. ; Ball, T.E. Anaerobic power tests include force-velocity tests, vertical jump tests, staircase tests, and cycle ergometer tests. The Wingate Anaerobic test is arguably one of the most famous laboratory fitness tests. Information on advantages and disadvantages present in this platform. Circadian rhythms in exercise performance: Implications for hormonal and muscular adaptation. While there are both advantages and disadvantages associated with this topic, the positive aspects take precedence over the drawbacks. ; Strmberg, A.; Peyrard-Janvid, M.; Norman, B. AMP deaminase deficiency is associated with lower sprint cycling performance in healthy subjects. It is commonly performed on a cycle ergometer and is primarily used to measure an individuals anaerobic capacity and anaerobic power outputs (1). ; Fukuda, D.H.; Beck, T.W. Jodra, P.; Domnguez, R.; Snchez-Oliver, A.J. In one case studied, the difference between men and women was 51, 17 and 5% when PP was expressed as W, W/kg and W/kg lean body mass, respectively [, With regard to the type of cyclo-ergometer used for the test, or rather the type of resistance provided by the cyclo-ergometer used, there may be differences that modify the results obtained, since output power at crank level is greater than the power dissipated at flywheel level due to friction energy losses in the chain and sprockets. Forceis the weight added to the flywheel in kilograms. Hernndez-Belmonte, A.; Buenda-Romero, A.; Martnez-Cava, A.; Courel-Ibez, J.; Mora-Rodrguez, R.; Pallars, J.G. Acute effects of static stretching on Wingate testing in men. The Wingate anaerobic test: An update on methodology, reliability and validity. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the Methods: A literature search was conducted in PUBMED/MEDLINE and Web of Science with different combinations of keywords all related to the WAT to obtain a search of 113 papers. ; Gourgoulis, V.; Jamurtas, T.; Tsitsios, T.; Hatzinikolaou, A.; Margonis, K.; Mavromatidis, K.; Taxildaris, K. Dose-related effects of prolonged NaHCO3 ingestion during high-intensity exercise. Although more research is needed, developing a standardised warm-up protocol for the WAT may improve consistency between studies [. You don't have to worry about traveling to work on public transport, which can be very stressful, and you can often manage your time more efficiently according to your own routine. To determine vertical jumping power. The comparison between the traditional WAnT_30s and a shorter version has never been carried out yet in Paralympic athletes. Relevant studies published in English until 2021 were gathered. Ayalon, A.; Inbar, O.; Bar-Or, O. Hazell, TJ; MacPherson, REK; Gravelle, BMR; Lemon, PWR (2010). Murphy, M.M. As the start requires near maximal cadence, such high leg turnover prevents . Maud, P.J. The effects of bicycle frame geometry on muscle activation and power during a wingate anaerobic test. A systematic review and meta-analysis. The test measures the peak anaerobic power produced in the beginning 143 other terms for advantages and disadvantages- words and phrases with similar meaning This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience possible. ; Saunders, B.; Ball, G.; Harris, R.C. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. Jaafar, H.; Rouis, M.; Attiogb, E.; Vandewalle, H.; Driss, T. Comparative study between the Wingate and force-velocity anaerobic cycling tests: Effect of physical fitness. [, Although the results may seem contradictory, a meta-analysis by LopesSilva [, In the same vein, after supplying 20 g of creatine daily to three subjects (plus a placebo group and a control group, Odland et al. also concluded that PP, MP, lowest power, fatigue rate, maximum speed as rpm and amount of total energy expenditure demonstrated high reliability in magnetic cyclo-ergometers [. All information is provided on an as-is basis. About Us 211 East Wilson Street Wingate, NC 28174 Mail Room. After the 4-minute warm-up is over, the subject should rest for two minutes before performing the sprint test. Attia, A.; Hachana, Y.; Chaabene, H.; Gaddour, A.; Neji, Z.; Shephard, R.J.; Chelly, M.S. Atanasov, P.; Djarova, T.; Kalinski, M.; Petrov, L.; Kaneva, R.; Mugandani, S.; Watson, G.; Jemni, M. ACTN3 and AMPD1 polymorphism and genotype combinations in bulgarian athletes performing wingate test. Measurement of work and power output using friction-loaded cycle ergometers. The Wingate test is proven to be valid and reliable (3) and the most popular anaerobic performance test since it does not require complicated equipment, and has a simple and non-invasive method (4,5). A literature search was conducted in PUBMED/MEDLINE and Web of Science. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. [. RAST. PEmax = Pmax/mass (kg). While they can be time-consuming and expensive, they have their advantages, like giving you deeper insights into the candidate or avoiding costly mistakes when hiring someone. positive feedback from the reviewers. ; Kendall, K.L. This means whether the results obtained are a true reflection of what you are trying to measure Reliability - the consistency and Positioning of elliptical chainrings during Wingate testingA repeated measures case study. Norman, B.; Esbjrnsson, M.; Rundqvist, H.; Osterlund, T.; Von Walden, F.; Tesch, P.A. Unfortunately, tourism can also be a source of problems if it is not managed correctly. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. It seems that it doesnt produce improvements in performance. The resistance provided by this type of bike can be precisely calibrated . In its simplest form, a cyclo-ergometer or mechanical bicycle can be used that has a device enabling the load to be added manually, as well as a revolutions per minute counter and a stopwatch to record these revolutions every five seconds. A. Ph.D. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA, 1999. Although the length of the connecting rod did modify cadences during the test, it failed to modify power levels [, As far as the time of day is concerned, in an initial study, twelve subjects carried out the WAT on 12 different occasions (duplicated measurements at 02:00, 06:00, 10:00, 14:00, 18:00 and 22:00), recording no significant differences with regard to PP and MP [, A systematic review was recently published that studied the effect of music on WAT performance, concluding that although it appears that it may help to improve PP and MP, more studies are needed to corroborate this claim [, As far as the effect of temperature and humidity is concerned, there were no significant differences in PP when the WAT was performed under three different environmental conditions (neutral (2223 C, 5560% relative humidity), hot-dry (3839 C, 2530% relative humidity), and hot-humid (30 C, 8590% relative humidity) [, Regarding the importance of being familiar with the test and having performed it previously, Barfield et al. Advantages and disadvantages of different tests: eg cost, time, equipment requirement, facility requirements, skill level of person carrying out test, issues with test validity, issues with test reliability 2 Be able to use health screening . Effects of saddle height on anaerobic power production in cycling. ; de Paz, J.A. ; Matthews, E.L. most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to develop norms of the main indices of the WAnT with regards to age in soccer. Founder and Director of Science for Sport. [, The effect that altitude has on the performance of the WAT seems to mainly affect its aerobic component, insofar as Bedu et al. (1998) Norms for the Wingate anaerobic test with comparison to another similar test. Multiply the number by six. (2011). A comparison of power outputs with rolling and stationary starts in the Wingate anaerobic test. This is your heart rate in beats per minute (BPM). The test: the subject starts pedalling at 60 rpm for about 10 s without resistance, and there is a 3 s countdown, after which the test resistance is set and the subject pedals at maximum power output for 30 s. The last 3 s of the test will be counted down. Norman, B.; Sabina, R.L. For ; Gaines, S.A.; Daniel, M.L. Influence of Velotron chainring size on Wingate anaerobic test. ; Bourassa, K.N. In the usual protocol, the WAT test commences with a moving start of around 60 rpm against low resistance, and then the load is quickly established. The Wingate Anaerobic test is arguably one of the most famous laboratory fitness tests. On the other hand, it would be interesting to study in depth the relationship between more current variables such as genetics or microbiota and performance in the WAT. This article will help you to broaden your knowledge around arguably one of the most famous laboratory fitness tests! Test-retest reliability, criterion-related validity, and minimal detectable change of score on an abbreviated Wingate test for field sport participants. ; Da Silva, S.F. Power output in trained male and female cyclists during the wingate test with increasing flywheel resistance. The VO 2max test is the criterion measure of aerobic power in athletes. In total, 116 world-class runners (86 men and 30 woman) volunteered to participate in our study. ; Wells, A.C.; Marshall, M.R. The Wingate test is capable of identifying two primary measures: 1) anaerobic capacity; and 2) anaerobic power outputs. ; Michael, T.J. Glaister, M.; Muniz-Pumares, D.; Patterson, S.D. Over the years, many variations of this test have been developed to identify slightly different performances qualities and to make it more suitable for varying populations. To measure your forearm girth. Carey, D.G. Ramzi, A.; Rashad, A. ; Esselbach, P.C. Kikuchi, N.; Fuku, N.; Matsumoto, R.; Matsumoto, S.; Murakami, H.; Miyachi, M.; Nakazato, K. The Association Between MCT1 T1470A Polymorphism and Power-Oriented Athletic Performance. ; Norton, K.I. Regarding bicarbonate supplementation, Zabala et al. Day-to-day incidents and instances can be brought to notice. Press & Media Describe the advantages and disadvantages of tourism in the modern world. ; Sale, C. Effects of -alanine supplementation on exercise performance: A meta-analysis. J. Appl. We excluded all studies with no apparent outcomes of interest and the following study types: case reports, letters, commentaries and editorials. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. Afsari, M.; Ramezanpour, M.R. [, The size of the chain or chainring used is also a variable that may modify the results obtained in the WAT. Chtourou, H.; Trabelsi, K.; Ammar, A.; Shephard, R.J.; Bragazzi, N.L. A shorter version might be helpful for both clinical applications and performance assessment. Domnguez, R.; Garnacho-Castao, M.; Cuenca, E.; Garca-Fernndez, P.; Muoz-Gonzlez, A.; De Jess, F.; Estevan, M.D.C.L. The Effects of Thermal Dehydration on Performance of The Wingate Test of Anaerobic Power. Short-term mediterranean diet improves endurance exercise performance: A randomized-sequence crossover trial. The effect of whole-body vibration warm-up on performance of Wingate anaerobic test. [, The amount of lean body mass is one of the most important performance variables in the test, and when expressed in absolute values, the PP of a WAT is significantly lower in women. Performance Testing entails many, many topics. Learn how to effectively carry out tests on your athletes without spending a penny. The most important limitation of this paper is in the design used. Automation comes with its share of disadvantages, which we look at below: developing time needed: The first time developing the testing software is a time-taking process. Wingate test, when time and overdue fatigue matter: Validity and sensitivity of two time-shortened versions. Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. Although the author is aware that the study selection and the lack of methodological quality assessment imply a high risk of bias, due to the number of articles included in the review and the wide variety of variables covered, it was difficult to use any other type of design. Katch, VL; Weltman, A; Martin, R; Gray, L (1977). To make you an expert coach and make your life as easy as possible, we highly suggest you now check out this article on The Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test. Editors Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. ; Ludlow, A.T.; Sheaff, A.K. Vandewalle, D; Gilbert, P; Monod, H (1987). Copyright 2023,University of South Florida. test. [, In the study conducted by Birch R. and Noble D [, Lastly, in a systematic review carried out by Mielgo-Ayuso, J et al. The arm ergometer (also referred to as an arm cycle or arm crank) is a valuable alternative to the treadmill or leg cycle ergometer for exercise testing. This procedure was used to reduce any error associated with the work required to accelerate the flywheel. ; Richardson, M.T. ; Hill, C.A. Unlike common wisdom, the results are not the final word regarding a test-taker's aptitude. Women: 5 min with a 2% resistance of total body weight, perform three sprints of 5 s each at minutes 23 and 4 with a 5% resistance of total weight. Multiple off-ice performance variables predict on-ice skating performance in male and female division III ice hockey players. This should be backed by practical points, and the examples would be even better. equipment required: Oxygen and carbon dioxide analyzers, heart rate monitor (optional) and a stopwatch. Acute effects of three different stretching protocols on the wingate test performance. The effect of acute caffeine ingestion on upper and lower body anaerobic exercise performance. MDPI and/or Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Computer and testing software (preferred, but not essential). Souissi, H.; Chtourou, H.; Chaouachi, A.; Chamari, K.; Souissi, N.; Amri, M. Time of day effects in EMG parameters during the wingate test in boys. Hanson, E.D. ; Nolan, S.R. ; Harrison, M.E. Evans, JA; Quinney, HA (1981). ; Luhtanen, P.; Rusko, H. Reliability and validity of the maximal anaerobic running test. ; Schabort, E.J. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. 2. In the case of the magnetic cyclo-ergometer, PP was reached later, while MP was lower. ; Da Silva, S.F. Reliability and validity of the maximal anaerobic running test. Casey, A.; Constantin-Teodosiu, D.; Howell, S.; Hultman, E.; Greenhaff, P. Creatine ingestion favorably affects performance and muscle metabolism during maximal exercise in humans. ; Eisenmann, J.C.; Wilkinson, J.G. ; Clark, D.G. Micklewright, D.; Alkhatib, A.; Beneke, R. Mechanically versus electro-magnetically braked cycle ergometer: Performance and energy cost of the Wingate anaerobic test. A study by Jacobs et al. [, On the other hand, the test was originally designed with a jump start, i.e., before starting the test, the subjects were asked to start pedalling as quickly as possible (without a load) and, once they had reached about 80 revolutions per minute, the load was then placed on the cyclo-ergometer, and the stopwatch was started. ; Hills-Meyer, P.; Miller, M.G. Doma, K.; Leicht, A.S.; Schumann, M.; Nagata, A.; Senzaki, K.; Woods, C.E. However, in order to obtain the highest MP, this resistance should be higher in women than in children and in men than in women. The effect of creatine monohydrate ingestion on anaerobic power indices, muscular strength and body composition. Kyle, C.R. ; Cramer, J.T. When assessing the anaerobic capacity of trained subjects, the duration of the test should be increased to 4560 s. Choosing a force load for each subject that produces the highest possible power peak and high average power is an important and, so far, only partially solved challenge. Maud, P.J. Therefore, it seems that depending on what our purpose is when performing the WAT, we can adjust its duration. [, Although they did not conduct research directly related to the amount or effect of caffeine intake, Anderson et al. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Content Marketing 2022-11-09. Anderson, D.E. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. ; Olson, M.S. However, nowadays, most authors carry out the test with a stopped start, in the same way as a track cyclist would in a 500 m race, as cyclo-ergometers are capable of recording data from each of the pedalling operations performed. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. school, home, gym etc. It should be noted that some studies only gather data on PP and MP during the test and that all studies assess the effect of the gene on performance by taking into account PP and MP. Parry-Billings, M.; MacLaren, D.P.M. A secondary aim was to examine the relationship of WAnT with two common field . Withers, R.T.; Sherman, W.M. ; Chavarren, J.; Dorado, C. Fractional use of anaerobic capacity during a 30- and a 45-s Wingate test. Birch, R.; Noble, D.; Greenhaff, P. The influence of dietary creatine supplementation on performance during repeated bouts of maximal isokinetic cycling in man. It is important to remember that different values are obtained from the WAT-peak power, fatigue index and average power, among others. A large amount of literature published on this test suggests that there will be several variables to consider and many factors that must be controlled before carrying out the test in order to obtain reliable and replicable results. For the SAT and the ACT, Wingate school code (s) are below: Wingate's SAT score code: 5908. Hermina, W. The Effects of Different Resistances on Peak Power during the Wingate Anaerobic Test. For coaches with limited time and lots of players, this is perfect. Greer, F; McLean; Graham, T. E. (1998). The acute effects of static stretching compared to dynamic stretching with and without an active warm up on anaerobic performance. The test administrator should count down 3 2 1 GO!. Warm-up: Roll 34 min at 60 rpm with 60 w (women) and 90 w (men), with two or three 34 s sprints being interspersed at maximum speed; After the warm-up: The subject rests for 2 min before performing the test; The original test weight/load used for the WAT was 7.5% of the participants body mass, or 0.075 kg per kg of body weight [. ; Gkbel, H.; Kara, M.; ok, K.; Cikriki, E.; Ergene, N. Comparison of the aerobic contributions to Wingate anaerobic tests performed with two different loads. The Wingate is one of the most popular and valid laboratory fitness tests J. Experiments in human ergometry as applied to the design of human powered vehicles. The rotor pedaling system improves anaerobic but not aerobic cycling performance in professional cyclists. On the other hand, standardisation is easier with a stationary start, and it should be possible to improve its reliability. Low sampling rates bias outcomes from the Wingate test. Mielgo-Ayuso, J.; Calleja-Gonzalez, J.; Marqus-Jimnez, D.; Caballero-Garca, A.; Crdova, A.; Fernndez-Lzaro, D. Effects of creatine supplementation on athletic performance in soccer players: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Caffeine, performance, and metabolism during repeated Wingate exercise tests. The most commonly used testing ergometer in the World is the Monark 894E Wingate . How to Write an IELTS Advantages and Disadvantages Essay.
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