The report, which contained an introduction by Geoffrey Bindman, was critical of the EHRC investigation. [205] A dispute, nicknamed Traingate in the media, developed a week later when Virgin released CCTV images appearing to show that Corbyn had walked past some available seats on the train before recording his video. [207], The psephologist John Curtice wrote just before Corbyn's second leadership win: "There is evidently a section of the British public, to be found particularly among younger voters, for whom the Labour leader does have an appeal; it just does not look like a section that is big enough, on its own at least, to enable Labour to win a general election". Described by The Times in 1981 as "Briefing's founder",[47] The Economist in a 1982 article named Corbyn as "Briefing's general secretary figure",[48] as did a profile on Corbyn compiled by parliamentary biographer Andrew Roth in 2004,[49][50] which states that he joined the editorial board as General Secretary in 1979. [557] He said he considered suing as a result of media treatment but was guided by advice from Tony Benn, who told him, "Libel is a rich man's game, and you're not a rich man [] Go to a libel case even if you win the case, you'll be destroyed financially in doing so". [577] They have a cat called El Gato ("The Cat" in Spanish),[578] while Corbyn had previously owned a dog called Mango, described by The Observer in 1984 as his "only constant companion" at the time. Corbyn has three sons whom he shares with Claudia. We worked together on lists of those who ought to be thanked. [24][25], While still at school, Corbyn became active in The Wrekin constituency Young Socialists, his local Labour Party, and the League Against Cruel Sports. [17], Corbyn named John Smith as the former Labour leader whom he most admired, describing him as "a decent, nice, inclusive leader". "[78], In 2017, Corbyn said that he had "never met the IRA", although Shadow Home Secretary Diane Abbott later clarified that although he had met members of the IRA, "he met with them in their capacity as activists in Sinn Fein". "Crossing Borders: Anti-Fascist Action (UK) and Transnational Anti-Fascist Militancy in the 1990s." [539] Campaign group Momentum held a virtual rally entitled 'Stand with Corbyn' where they described Corbyn's suspension as "a naked attack on the left". She said The Labour party has a code of conduct on this, and it does have to be dealt with". [557] Corbyn had in fact taken legal action against Conservative MP Ben Bradley during his leadership (see Other events). [210], Corbyn was re-elected as Labour leader on 24 September, with 313,209 votes (61.8%) compared to 193,229 (38.2%) for Owen Smith a slightly increased share of the vote compared to his election in 2015, when he won 59%. Jeremy Corbyn shows support for Bohemians as he dons new away jersey. What it means is that I think to bring about a peace process, you have to talk to people with whom you may profoundly disagree There is not going to be a peace process unless there is talks involving Israel, Hezbollah and Hamas and I think everyone knows that", he argued. The first mission of any government should be to end this grotesque inequality plunging millions into despair. [219] The Labour campaign focused on social issues like health care, education and ending austerity. Pics: David Beckham visits famous Dublin pub to celebrate son's 18th birthday . [98], In 1998, he voted for the Good Friday Agreement, saying he looked forward to "peace, hope and reconciliation in Ireland in the future. The party's membership increased sharply, both during the leadership campaign and following his election. Ask my mother? Cameron spat. A separate letter was also sent by former Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, Diane Abbott and Baroness Shami Chakrabarti. [230] He said the result was a public call for the end of "austerity politics" and suggested May should step down as Prime Minister. [24] Michael Crick in his 2016 edition of Militant says Corbyn was "a member of the editorial board",[51] as does Lansley, Goss and Wolmar's 1989 work, The Rise and Fall of the Municipal Left. [439] In 2004, Corbyn and 24 other backbenchers signed a parliamentary motion praising an article by journalist John Pilger for "reminding readers of the devastating human cost of the so-termed humanitarian invasion of Kosovo, led by NATO and the United States in the Spring of 1999, without any sanction of the United Nations Security Council". [437][438], Unlike most Labour MPs at the time, Corbyn and a few other backbenchers opposed NATO intervention during the Kosovo War. [156][157], After Cameron set out his case for military intervention to Parliament,[158] Corbyn held a Shadow Cabinet meeting, in which he said he would continue with efforts "to reach a common view" on Syria, while Shadow Foreign Secretary Hilary Benn suggested the case for air strikes was "compelling". [311] Corbyn believes his dismissal was unfair and has threatened legal action. Jeremy's maternal grandmother was Caroline Sarah Stott (the daughter of Edward Nicholson Stott and Naomi Emily Haldane). Andrew and Piers, the middle brothers, were members of the Communist Party of Great Britain, while Jeremy, considered a moderate, joined Labour. [245] The 2017 campaigns chief, Patrick Heneghan also stated that Corbyn's office had demanded he divert funds towards a list of Labour-held seats, some with majorities of over 10,000, to help MPs were considered allies of Corbyn, including Ian Lavery and Jon Trickett. "[191][192], On 12 July 2016, following a dispute as to whether the elected leader would need nominations in an election as a "challenger" to their own leadership, Labour's National Executive Committee (NEC) resolved that Corbyn, as the incumbent leader, had an automatic right to be on the ballot,[193] and also decided that members needed to have been a member for more than six months to be eligible to vote, meaning that many members who had joined recently would not be able to vote. The study's director commented that "Our analysis shows that Corbyn was thoroughly delegitimised as a political actor from the moment he became a prominent candidate and even more so after he was elected as party leader". [165] Thornberry, unlike Maria Eagle, is an opponent of nuclear weapons and British involvement in Syria. [464], In 1988, Jeremy Corbyn was one of the first MPs to raise the issue of Saddam Hussein's Halabja chemical attack against the Kurdish people, at a time when Hussein was still an ally of the west. [364], During the 2017 election, Corbyn had a policy of scrapping university tuition fees from 2018 restoring the maintenance grants abolished by the Conservatives in 2016 and funding a free national education service. [148] He delivered his first Labour Party Conference address as leader on 29 September 2015. Millions face starvationbecause of the Saudi led bombing campaign and the blockade. [326], Responding to this, Corbyn's former advisor Andrew Fisher wrote: "Forde confirms that reflection is necessary. Corbyn said that the Labour Party risked "giving credibility to misleading and inaccurate allegations about action taken to tackle anti-Semitism in the Labour Party in recent years" and that the settlements were a "political decision, not a legal one". He of course condemns that terrible attack, as he does the 1985 bombing. [246], Opinion polls during the first few months of his leadership gave Corbyn lower personal approval ratings than any previous Labour leader in the early stages of their leadership amongst the general public. [170], Following the 2016 United Kingdom European Union (EU) membership referendum, Corbyn was accused of "lukewarm" campaigning for Britain to remain and showing a "lack of leadership" on the issue by several party figures. [133] There was speculation that the rule change would lead to Corbyn being elected by registered supporters without majority support from ordinary members. [217], Corbyn said he welcomed Prime Minister Theresa May's proposal to seek an early general election in 2017. [593][594], In 2016, Corbyn was the subject of a musical entitled Corbyn the Musical: The Motorcycle Diaries, written by journalists Rupert Myers and Bobby Friedman. Post-war cabinet ministers like Hugh Gaitskell, Hugh Dalton and Clement Attlee were all the privately educated offspring of upper-middle-class professionals. That's real leadership", "Mandela snubbed Corbyn's anti-apartheid group", "No, Nelson Mandela did not ""snub"" Jeremy Corbyn", "Miners' hero Tyrone O'Sullivan has given Jeremy Corbyn a thundering endorsement", "Copsey, Nigel. Last edited on 22 February 2023, at 07:58, National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers, Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union, unsuccessful deputy leadership campaign in 1981, 1994 bombing of the Israeli Embassy in London, National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers, 2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK), 2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign, 2016 United Kingdom European Union (EU) membership referendum, June 2016 British shadow cabinet resignations, 2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK), privatisation of the railways of Great Britain, triggering Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union, Opinion polling for the 2017 United Kingdom general election Preferred Prime Minister polling, Leadership approval opinion polling for the 2019 United Kingdom general election, The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 20142019, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, executive order banning visitors from certain majority-Muslim countries from entering the US, "How a Socialist Prime Minister Might Govern Britain", Aletha Adu, "Jeremy Corbyn will not be Labour candidate at next election, says Starmer", "Journalistic Representations of Jeremy Corbyn in the British Press", "UK news push alerts skew negative on Labour and positive for Tories", "Corbyn decries anti-Semitism as 'vile and wrong' following chief rabbi's rebuke", "Key findings of the EHRC inquiry into Labour antisemitism", "What does the Labour anti-Semitism report say? [310][311] On 23 November 2020, the Labour chief whip Nick Brown wrote to Corbyn asking him to "unequivocally, unambiguously and without reservation apologise for your comments". [30], After school,[31] Corbyn worked briefly as a reporter for a local newspaper, the Newport and Market Drayton Advertiser. [318], On the evening of 24 February, the first day of the invasion, Labour chief whip Alan Campbell wrote to all 11 Labour MPs who had signed the statement, requesting that they withdraw their signatures. "UK Elections: Jeremy Corbyn, Anti-Semitism, and Islamophobia". In response, two Labour whips said they would vote against the bill. To everyones surprise, says one friend, he flunked his A-levels. [271], In February 2019, seven MPs Chuka Umunna, Luciana Berger, Chris Leslie, Angela Smith, Mike Gapes, Gavin Shuker and Ann Coffey resigned from the Labour Party to form The Independent Group, citing Corbyn's handling of Brexit and of allegations of antisemitism. Jeremy Corbyn has faced fresh calls for his expulsion from Labour after he denied that Jewish MP Luciana Berger was 'hounded out' from the party amid an anti-semitism row in 2019 Mr Corbyn. WATCH: Jeremy Corbyn is pressed over his handling of anti-Semitism within the Labour Party Jeremy Corbyn has come under fire for not saying he is sorry for anti-Semitism in the Labour Party. Trauma expert Gabor Mat with . [260] A few days later, Corbyn was satisfied that the evidence pointed to Russia. [106] He was vehemently opposed to the Iraq War in 2003, and spoke at dozens of anti-war rallies in Britain and overseas. He cited "the deployment of troops to Afghanistan and the threat of bombing Iraq" as examples. [218] He said his party should support the government's move in the parliamentary vote. 66 Labour MPs voted for the Syrian air strikes, including Hilary Benn and Deputy Labour Leader Tom Watson, while Corbyn and the majority of Labour MPs voted against. He has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Islington North since 1983. When voters were asked who they thought would be the best prime minister Corbyn or Theresa May among Labour supporters 48% said Corbyn and 22% May, among all UK voters 52% chose May and just 16% were for Corbyn. [311], On 13 December 2020, Corbyn announced the Project for Peace and Justice. He condemns support for Palestinians being used as a mask for anti-Semitism and attempts to silence legitimate criticism of Israel by wrongly conflating it with anti-Semitism. [424], In his keynote speech at the 2018 annual Labour Party conference, Corbyn said that, if elected, his government would immediately recognise the Palestinian State as a way of supporting a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. [247] His approval amongst party members was initially strong reaching a net approval of +45 in May 2016, though this fell back sharply to just +3 by the end of the next month following criticism of Corbyn's handling of the EU referendum and a string of Shadow Cabinet resignations. [25] He joined the Labour Party at the age of 16[17] and achieved two A-Levels, at grade E, the lowest-possible passing grade, before leaving school at 18. I was not a member of the editorial board. ), Corbyn cannot abide swearing either 'he doesn't even say bloody' and a newspaper apologised for misquoting him as having said 'Fuck the rich' at a 1997 rally, when actually he'd said, 'Tax the rich'. He's no champagne socialist (he barely drinks), and while he is MP for Islington North, which includes the grand Georgian houses overlooking Highbury Fields, hes hardly a member of the Blairite 'Islington Mafia'. "[533][534], In October 2020, the EHRC announced that its investigation had found that the Labour Party had breached the Equality Act 2010 in three ways:[535], In response, Corbyn said his team's involvement in complaints was "to speed up, not hinder the process", that he did not accept all of the EHRC's findings, and that while "[o]ne antisemite is one too many", the scale of antisemitism within Labour had been "dramatically overstated for political reasons by our opponents inside and outside the party, as well as by much of the media". They contacted fellow Labour MP Tony Benn for assistance, who introduced them to Corbyn, who met with the police on their behalf and spoke at fundraisers until the girl was located in 2003. [14][15][16] His parents were Labour Party members[17] and peace campaigners who met in the 1930s at a committee meeting in support of the Spanish Republic at Conway Hall during the Spanish Civil War. Jeremy Corbyn, the former leader of the British Labour Party, was subjected to a concerted propaganda campaign by the British right-wing military-industrial establishment, which regarded him as a threat to its interests. Corbyn was suspended from Labour Party membership in October 2020 after stating antisemitism in the party had been overstated for political reasons. How did other politicians fare? [351] In July 1998, Corbyn endorsed the Good Friday Agreement by voting for the Northern Ireland Bill saying: "We look forward to peace, hope and reconciliation in Ireland in the future. [90], He voted against the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement, saying "We believe that the agreement strengthens rather than weakens the border between the six and the 26 counties, and those of us who wish to see a United Ireland oppose the agreement for that reason. I'm voting for him.''' He has since been promoted from researcher to Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell's Chief of Staff (who has been Jeremy's aide for the past 40-years). After Labour MPs sought to remove him in 2016, he won a second leadership contest. If a Corbyn government implements his declared policies the level playing field mechanism will lead to increased costs for Britain to access the single market because of distortions caused by state aid. I could ask for his advice and we didnt always agree, but that was fine. They met for coffee and held joint coffee parties together, inviting the great and the good from Islington. Only they can change the party". [272] They were soon joined by Joan Ryan while Ian Austin resigned to sit as an independent. [481][482], Corbyn has been criticized for his association with cleric Raed Salah, who was arrested in 2011 due to a deportation order a day before he was due to attend a meeting with MPs including Corbyn. [398] In July 2016, the Chilcot Report of the Iraq Inquiry was issued, criticising Blair for joining the United States in the war against Iraq. [142], A chant of "Oh, Jeremy Corbyn" was adopted as an anthem or chorus by his supporters. In the now-deleted message, the Islington. Jelly built a sundial in one of the outbuildings and put it up in the garden. [231], In April 2020, an internal Labour Party report, entitled The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 20142019, was leaked to the media. [215], At the 2017 local elections, Labour lost nearly 400 councillors and control of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire county councils. [240], In May 2020, the Labour Party National Executive Committee (NEC) appointed barrister Martin Forde to chair an investigation into the leaked report on antisemitism. [57], Corbyn was selected as the Labour Party candidate for the constituency of Islington North, in February 1982,[28][58] winning the final ballot for selection by 39 votes against 35 for GLC councillor Paul Boateng, who in 1987 became one of the first three Black British Members of Parliament (MP). [203] Speaking at the launch of policies intending to democratise the internet in late August, Corbyn described such abuse as "appalling". It could have been a very . [440] Balkan Insight wrote that, during the 2015 campaign for the Labour leadership, Corbyn was criticised by bloggers and journalists for "having once apparently dismissed Serbian war crimes in Kosovo as a fabrication". It ought to be always that way in politics, but I can assure you it isnt. Labour's misfortunes in Scotland continued, where they fell into third place behind the Conservatives. I haven't thought about that for a long time. Here's why", "Jeremy Corbyn says he would still vote to Remain in Brexit referendum", "Jeremy Corbyn insists UK cannot remain in single market after Brexit", "Corbyn facing Labour backlash as he demands 'new single market' after Brexit", "Brexit: Public backs Jeremy Corbyn's plan to abandon EU state aid rules, poll shows", "Fear of Jeremy Corbyn-led government prompts tough EU line on Brexit", "Corbyn's customs union plan what it might mean", "Corbyn: no talks with May until no-deal Brexit is off table", "Jeremy Corbyn says he could vote to leave EU in second Brexit referendum", "The next Prime Minister should put their Brexit deal or No Deal back to the people", "Jeremy Corbyn wants power-sharing deal for Falkland Islands", "Jeremy Corbyn's Falklands plan tantamount to surrender to Argentina, warns wounded veteran Simon Weston", "Jeremy Corbyn says of Dresden firestorm: 'Bombing civilian targets is never a good idea", "Are You A Pacifist? [356], As Leader of the Opposition, Corbyn was one of the sponsors for the Constitutional Convention Bill, which was an attempt at codifying the UK's constitution, which has not been compiled into a single document. The group penned an open letter - which included the signatures of Lord Scriven and former leader of Labour party Jeremy Corbyn - to F1 boss Stefano Domenicali and FIA president Mohammed ben . [139][237][238] In response to the report, Labour MP Kate Osamor called for the expulsion of those involved. Jeremy has stated that he has some distant Jewish ancestry. [545] The whip was suspended initially for three months to allow an investigation to be conducted however this suspension was still in place as of July 2021. Islington has always been somewhere where people who want a more equal society have gone to live. "[91], In the early 1990s, MI5 opened a file on Corbyn to monitor his links to the IRA. [42] After boundary changes in 1978 he was re-elected in Harringay ward as councillor, remaining so until 1983. [121][122] Several who nominated Corbyn later said they had ensured he had enough votes to stand, more to widen the political debate within the party than because of a desire or expectation that he would win. [370] He accused the EU of acting "brutally" in the 2015 Greek crisis by allowing financiers to destroy its economy. [523], An internal Labour Party report, entitled The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 20142019, which was leaked to the media in April 2020, stated that Corbyn's team inherited a lack of "robust processes, systems, training, education and effective line management" as well as factional hostility towards Corbyn amongst former senior officials. [449] In March 2018, Corbyn accused Theresa May's government of "colluding" in war crimes committed by Saudi forces in Yemen. [95][96] A short time after IRA plans to bomb London were foiled in 1996, Corbyn invited Adams to the House of Commons for a press conference to promote Adams' autobiography, Before the Dawn. It also beat the total brought in under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership in both of his election years combined. [484] Salah denied the accusation of blood libel, of which he was later convicted and sentenced to eight months in prison,[485] and successfully appealed his deportation. And whats interesting, she says, is that when youre knocking on doors, whether estates or multi million-pound town houses around Highbury Fields, many people come to the door and say, "Oh, Jeremy - he's my friend. Cammaerts, Bart, Brooks DeCillia, and Joo Carlos Magalhes. Jeremy Corbyn has claimed he is living "rent free" inside Rishi Sunak's head - as he hit back at the prime minister's "tedious smears" against him. In the same month, YouGov found party members' net approval rating of Corbyn was 17%, whereas a year earlier the result found by the same pollsters had been 55%. "[432] There was condemnation from some of the British press, as well as from some members of the Labour Party and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Corbyn&oldid=1140890360, Unlawful harassment by agents of the party; namely a councillor, Pam Bromley, and, failure to provide appropriate training to those handling the complaints, and. Theresa May offered her hearty congratulations to Jeremy Corbyn in a packed House of Commons on the arrival of his new granddaughter, only to realise he hadn't had one. Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell and union leaders including Len McCluskey condemned the motion. [574] lvarez then returned to Mexico, with the couple maintaining a long-distance relationship until she moved to London in 2011. [202], More than 40 female Labour MPs, in an open letter during the campaign in July 2016, called on Corbyn to deal with issues relating to online abuse, and criticised him for his allegedly unsatisfactory responses and inaction. On the same day, 27 June, Corbyn announced changes to his Shadow Cabinet, moving Emily Thornberry (to Shadow Foreign Secretary), Diane Abbott (to Shadow Health Secretary), and appointing Pat Glass, Andy McDonald, Clive Lewis, Rebecca Long-Bailey, Kate Osamor, Rachael Maskell, Cat Smith and Dave Anderson to his Shadow Cabinet. The BBC's Projected National Vote Share was 31% for Labour, 30% for the Conservatives, 15% for the Liberal Democrats and 12% for UKIP. But why the change has come about and what . ", "Local elections: Tories gain over 550 seats as Labour and Ukip votes plunge", "Jeremy Corbyn welcomes Theresa May's announcement of an early election", "The 2017 Labour General Election Campaign: Ushering in a 'New Politics'? [187], The division between Corbyn and the Labour parliamentary party continued. 184,541 people subsequently paid the one-off fee to become "registered supporters" of the party during the two-day window in July, meaning that over 700,000 people had a vote in the leadership election. In 1974, he was elected to Haringey Council and became Secretary of Hornsey Constituency Labour Party until being elected as the MP for Islington North in 1983; he has been reelected to the office nine times. [417], Corbyn criticised Trump's involvement in British politics after Trump said Boris Johnson should become PM and Nigel Farage should be part of the Brexit negotiating team, saying that it was "not [Trump's] business who the British prime minister is" following Trump's endorsement of Boris Johnson as a possible future leader. Many of Corbyn's supporters felt he possessed personal qualities such as earnestness and modesty leading them to develop a sense of emotional attachment to him as individual. [442] In 2009, Corbyn called for a total economic boycott of Sri Lanka, stating "the tourism must stop, the arms must stop, the trade must stop", he later stated the Sri Lankan cricket team should also be boycotted. Very good manners, says Caroline Russell, Green Party councillor in Corbyns ward. ", "Labour MPs lukewarm over prospect of snap election this year", "Why Boris Johnson's Party Leads Opinion Polls Ahead Of U.K. However, she. Unlike other top politicians' spouses of modern times, she has kept an extraordinarily low profile. However, he also said that Theresa May was right "to identify two possibilities for the source of the attack in Salisbury [] Either this was a crime authored by the Russian state; or that state has allowed these deadly toxins to slip out of the control it has an obligation to exercise. Bolton, Matthew. [22][13][23] Corbyn attended Castle House School, an independent preparatory school near Newport, Shropshire, before, at the age of 11, becoming a day student at the Adams Grammar School in the town. [255], On 15 March 2018, Corbyn wrote in The Guardian that "to rush way ahead of the evidence" about Russia's involvement in the Salisbury poisoning "serves neither justice nor our national security" and that responsibility for the attack "is a matter for police and security professionals to determine". [90], The meeting took place three weeks after the IRA's bombing of the Conservative Party leadership that killed five people. [341][342] As the policy would change the central bank's focus on stabilising prices it has been argued it could increase the perceived risk of investing in the UK and raise the prospect of increased inflation. [104] Jacobin described him as "a figure who for decades challenged them [Labour Party elites] from the backbench as one of the most rebellious left-wing members of parliament. Although Corbyn played rugby, not football, at school, he was no rugger bugger, according to friends, and even then his interests lay in politics with a small p, like the League Against Cruel Sports. "[486], In 2018, Corbyn was criticised by Jewish leaders for not recognising an antisemitic canard after Mear One publicised on social media in 2012 that his mural about exploitative bankers and industrialists was being censored and Corbyn responded at the time by questioning its removal. Monday July 31 2017, 12.01am BST, The Times. [264][265] The party conference decided to support a Brexit deal either negotiated by the Conservatives and meeting certain conditions or negotiated by Labour in government. [320], The Forde Report, written by lawyer Martin Forde in response to the dossier that was leaked in April 2020 (The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 20142019), was released on 19 July 2022, stating that: "[R]ather than confront the paramount need to deal with the profoundly serious issue of anti-Semitism in the party, both factions treated it as a factional weapon. "[53] In May 1982, when Corbyn was chairman of the Constituency Labour Party, Ali was given a party card signed by Corbyn;[54] in November the local party voted by 17 to 14 to insist on Ali's membership "up to and including the point of disbandment of the party". ", "Jeremy Corbyn: Membership of Labour party has doubled since 2015 general election", "Jeremy Corbyn, the boy to the manor born", "Everyone Complains About the Weather Piers Corbyn Is Doing Something About It", "Is there trouble ahead for Jeremy Corbyn? Corbyn replied that Berger "was not hounded out of the party. Corbyn and Hilary Benn wrote to David Cameron asking him to "set out the exact nature of the involvement of UK personnel working with the Saudi military". [28] They divorced in 1979. He returned home by way of Latin America, where he learned about Simn Bolvar and Che Guevara. "Populism as an intra-party phenomenon: The British Labour party under Jeremy Corbyn". Although critical of the European Union, he supported continued membership in the 2016 referendum.
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